Editing Piri Reis (section)

===Naval career and cartography===
[[File:Venice by Piri Reis.jpg|alt=map of Venetian lagoon with major rivers, canals, and fortifications|thumb|[[Venice]] as depicted in the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'']]

Piri Reis sailed under his uncle and later [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] in the [[Ottoman Navy]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ayyubi|1989|p=737}}.</ref> To bolster the empire's navy, Ottoman Sultan [[Bayezid II]] recruited Barbary and [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] corsairs, including Piri and Kemal.<ref name="Hess-1970-p1905">{{harvnb|Hess|1970|p=1905}}.</ref> Before Barbarossa reorganized the navy, sultans commonly employed former pirates.<ref>{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|p=319}}.</ref> The addition of experienced corsairs raised the Ottoman Navy's competence in open-sea combat and knowledge of the Mediterranean.<ref name="Hess-1970-p1905" />

In 1495, Kemal Reis was imprisoned on [[Euboea]] for piracy and brought to the capital, [[Constantinople]]. Rather than being sentenced, he was given an official position in the navy. Piri Reis was with his uncle at this time and later documented it in the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye''.<ref>{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|pp=319–320}}.</ref> In the empire's navy, Kemal and Piri advocated taking the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] coastal fortresses of the [[Peloponnese]] and the small but strategically valuable island of [[Rhodes]].<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2004|pp=222, 232}}.</ref> In his ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'', Piri Reis reports that his uncle had told Sultan Bayezid II, "Venice has two eyes: Her left eye is the [harbor] fortress of [[Methoni, Messenia|Modon]]. Her right eye is that of [[Corfu]]."<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2004|p=232}}.</ref>

Piri Reis took part in the Ottoman–Venetian wars, including the [[Battle of Zonchio|First Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Zonchio)]], [[Battle of Lepanto (1500)|Second Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Modon)]], and 1501 conquest of [[Old Navarino castle|Navarino]].<ref name="Bostan-2014" /><ref>{{harvnb|Zarinebaf|Bennet|Davis|2005|p=11}}.</ref> During the First Battle of Lepanto, Piri Reis was one of many corsairs in a fleet of about 270 ships that fought through the Venetian fleet and entered the [[Gulf of Corinth]], forcing the governor to surrender.<ref>{{harvnb|Isom-Verhaaren|2022|pp=92–93}}.</ref> Kemal Reis led the Ottomans in the battles to take the fortresses at Modon and Navarino.<ref>{{harvnb|Isom-Verhaaren|2022|pp=94–95}}.</ref> After the Ottoman Navy defeated the Venetian fleet at the Peloponnese, they began to take control of the Eastern Mediterranean.<ref>{{harvnb|Hess|1970|pp=1905–1907}}.</ref> In the western Mediterranean, Kemal Reis led [[Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)|raids on the Balearic Islands]], [[Sardinia]], and Pianosa.<ref>{{harvnb|Pitcher|1972|p=99}}.</ref> In one naval battle, Piri Reis and his uncle captured a Spaniard who had participated in [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|Columbus's voyages]],<ref name="Soucek 1992 270–271">{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|pp=270–271}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=73}}.</ref> and likely possessed an early map of the Americas that Piri Reis would use as a source for his maps.<ref name="Nebenzahl-1990-p62">{{harvnb|Nebenzahl|1990|p=62}}.</ref>

When his uncle died in a 1511 shipwreck in the Mediterranean, Piri Reis returned to Gelibolu to work on his navigational studies.<ref name="Urguplu-2015">{{harvnb|Urguplu|2015}}.</ref>{{efn|Some sources give 1510 as the year Kemal Reis died.<ref>{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|p=320}}.</ref> Kemal Reis's last recorded activities were sailing for Egypt in 1510 to bring requested aid against Portuguese incursions.<ref>{{harvnb|Ágoston|2023|pp=136-137}}.</ref> The primary sources for the details of Kemal Reis' death are Venetian letters. Mamluk historian [[Ibn Iyas]] recorded that news of Kemal Reis death reached Cairo, Egpyt, in February 1511.<ref>{{harvnb|Isom-Verhaaren|2022|pp=97-98}}.</ref>}} There, he completed the world map for which he is well-known today. The manuscript is dated to the month of [[Muharram]] in the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic year]] 919 AH, equivalent to March 1513 AD.<ref name="Massetti-pp41-42">{{harvnb|Massetti|Veracini|2016|pp=41–42}}.</ref><ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p15">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=15}}.</ref> This work included the recently explored shores of the Americas and Africa.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=9}}.</ref> Although he had never sailed the Atlantic, he compiled over twenty maps of Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Indian and older Greek origins into a comprehensive representation of the known world of his era.<ref>{{harvnb|Brotton|1998|pp=108–110}}.</ref> At least by 1513, Piri Reis was sailing again for the Ottomans under Hayreddin Barbarossa along the coast of North Africa.<ref>{{harvnb|Isom-Verhaaren|2022|p=109}}.</ref>

By 1516, Piri Reis was a captain of a galley in the Ottoman fleet that took part in the [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)|1516–17 Ottoman conquest of Egypt]].<ref name="Bostan-2014" /><ref name="Tekeli-1985-pp675-676">{{harvnb|Tekeli|1985|pp=675–676}}.</ref> He was the commander of the Turkish fleet that blockaded Alexandria.<ref>{{harvnb|Ayyubi|1989|p=738}}.</ref> After the Ottoman victory,<ref name="Tekeli-1985-pp675-676" /> Piri Reis presented the 1513 world map to Sultan [[Selim I]] ({{reign | 1512 | 1520}}).<ref name="Kahle-1933-p621">{{harvnb|Kahle|1933|p=621}}.</ref> It is unknown how Selim used the map, if at all, as it vanished from history until its rediscovery centuries later.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p270">{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|p=270}}.</ref> According to Venetian documents, Piri Reis was no longer with the Ottoman Navy in 1518 and was engaging in piracy in the Aegean Sea.<ref>{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|pp=321–322}}.</ref>

[[File:Piri Reis - Map of the Islands of the Aegean Sea Including Chios, Cos, Rhodes and Crete - Walters W658101A - Full Page.jpg|alt=map|thumb|[[Rhodes]] (outlined in red) just off the southern coast of [[Anatolia]]]]

Piri Reis advocated for and took part in [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]'s 1522 [[Siege of Rhodes (1522)|Siege of Rhodes]].<ref name="Soucek-2004-p222">{{harvnb|Soucek|2004|p=222}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|p=14}}.</ref> The first version of his ''Kitab-ı Bahriye''—a nautical atlas gifted and dedicated to Suleiman—included advice on conquering Rhodes.<ref name="Soucek-2004-p222"/><ref name="Soucek-2013-p137">{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=137}}.</ref> The island of Rhodes had a secure harbor and was {{cvt|20|km}} off the coast of Anatolia. Controlled by an adversary, it could threaten maritime communication between the empire's capital and Mediterranean ports.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2004|p=220}}.</ref> The [[Knights Hospitaller|Knights of St. John]] controlled the island, took Muslim captives, and provided shelter to Christian pirates.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2004|p=221}}.</ref> During the siege, the Knights' fleet of ten ships remained in the harbor rather than confront the larger Ottoman force.<ref name="Soucek-2004-p223">{{harvnb|Soucek|2004|p=223}}.</ref> The Ottoman Navy conducted an amphibious operation, transporting many troops to the small island,<ref name="Soucek-2004-p223" /> and the island surrendered in December 1522. The Knights of St. John later relocated to [[Malta]].<ref>{{harvnb|Grima|2021}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Yaldız|Kaymakçı|Özgün|2019|pp=224–225}}.</ref> The second version of the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'', completed after the conquest of Rhodes, only discusses the events in terms of the practical concerns of acquiring drinking water from Karabağ in [[Bodrum]] prior to the siege.<ref>{{harvnb|Isom-Verhaaren|2022|p=101}}.</ref>

The longer second version of the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' resulted from a conversation with the empire's [[List of Ottoman grand viziers|grand vizier]].<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|pp=137–138}}.</ref> Suleiman's reign was the beginning of a shift towards power concentrating in a group of [[vizier]]s, advisers, governors, and royal family members, including Suleiman's childhood friend [[Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha]] who rose to become grand vizier of the empire.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2010|pp=34–35}}.</ref> When putting down [[Hain Ahmed Pasha]]'s 1524 rebellion in Egypt, Ibrahim rode aboard the navy's flagship, commanded by Piri Reis.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2010|p=36}}.</ref><ref name="Hess-1970-p1905" /> Piri Reis said they discussed cartography after Ibrahim asked him about the maps and charts being consulted aboard the ship.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2010|pp=36–37}}.</ref> Ibrahim commissioned Piri Reis to create an expanded version of the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye''.<ref name="Casale-2010-p37">{{harvnb|Casale|2010|p=37}}.</ref> He finished it and gifted it to the sultan by 1526. In later centuries, many copies were made of both versions of the book.<ref name="Hepworth-2005-p73">{{harvnb|Hepworth|2005|p=73}}.</ref> Piri Reis completed a second world map in 1528 or 1529.<ref name="Soucek-2013-p141">{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=141}}.</ref> According to [[Sevim Tekeli]], the changes from the first world map demonstrate that Piri Reis was actively following European voyages of discovery.<ref>{{harvnb|Ayyubi|1989|p=739}}.</ref>

In both the 1513 world map and the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' preface, Piri Reis rhetorically undermines the significance of European discoveries by reframing them as the rediscovery of ancient knowledge.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2019|p=876}}.</ref> He invokes [[Alexander the Great]] when explaining the discoveries of Columbus.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2019|pp=871, 874–875}}.</ref> According to the [[Quran]] and Turkish literary tradition, [[Dhu al-Qarnayn]]—believed to be a [[Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran|Quranic reference to Alexander the Great]]—traveled to every corner of the world, thereby defining its limits.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2019|pp=864–867, 875}}.</ref> Marginal inscriptions on the world map mention "charts drawn in the days of Alexander" and a book that "fell into the hands" of Columbus describing lands "at the end of the Western Sea".<ref>{{harvnb|Akçura|1935|loc=sec. V}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Akçura|1935|loc=sec. VI}}.</ref> In the 1526 version of the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'', he explicitly credits European discoveries to lost works created during legendary voyages of Alexander, "My friend, the [[Franks#Crusaders and other Western Europeans as "Franks"|Franks]] both read and write everything there is to know about the science of the sea. But do not suppose that they invented such knowledge on their own; and if you wish, I will explain why. During his time, the famous ruler Alexander traveled over all the seas, and whatever he saw and whatever he heard he had recorded, item by item, by a competent person."<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2019|p=875}}.</ref>

Venice saw Piri Reis as an adversary and obstacle to their aims in the [[Middle East]] during the 1530s.<ref name="Pedani-2015-p323">{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|p=323}}.</ref> In 1532, he fought against [[Dalmatia]]n pirates in the Adriatic.<ref>{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|pp=322–323}}.</ref> He attacked the Venetian-held castle at [[Koroni|Coron]] in 1533, captured a Venetian galley in 1536, and chased Venetian ships out of the Eastern Mediterranean.<ref name="Pedani-2015-p323" />