Editing Pipe organ (section)

===Medieval===
[[File:Utrechts-Psalter CANTICUM-16 organ sheep angel.jpg|thumb|9th century image of an organ, from the [[Utrecht Psalter]].]]

From 800 to the 1400s, the use and construction of organs developed in significant ways, from the invention of the portative and positive organs to the installation of larger organs in major churches such as the cathedrals of [[Winchester Cathedral|Winchester]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Perrot|first=Jean|title=The Organ from its invention in the Hellenistic period to the end of the thirteenth century|publisher=University Press|year=1971}}</ref> and [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]] of Paris.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Wright|first=Craig|title=Music and Ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1989|location=Cambridge}}</ref> In this period, organs began to be used in secular and religious settings. The introduction of organ into religious settings is ambiguous, most likely because the original position of the Church was that instrumental music was not to be allowed.<ref name=":0" /> By the 12th century there is evidence for permanently installed organs existing in religious settings such as the [[Abbey of Fécamp]] and other locations throughout Europe.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Kevelaer-StMarien-Chororgel-1-Asio.jpg|thumb|[[Positive organ]]]]
Several innovations occurred to organs in the Middle Ages, such as the creation of the [[Portative organ|portative]] and the [[Positive organ|positive]] organ. The portative organs were small and created for secular use and made of light weight delicate materials that would have been easy for one individual to transport and play on their own.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bridges|first=Geoffrey|date=1992|title=Medieval Portatives|journal=The Galpin Society Journal|volume=45|pages=107–108|doi=10.2307/842265|jstor=842265}}</ref> The portative organ was a "flue-piped keyboard instrument, played with one hand while the other operated the bellows."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bridges|first=Geoffrey|date=1991|title=Medieval Portatives: Some Technical Comments|journal=The Galpin Society Journal|volume=44|pages=103–116|doi=10.2307/842212|jstor=842212}}</ref> Its portability made the portative useful for the accompaniment of both sacred and secular music in a variety of settings. The positive organ was larger than the portative organ but was still small enough to be portable and used in a variety of settings like the portative organ. Toward the middle of the 13th century, the portatives represented in the [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures of illuminated manuscripts]] appear to have real keyboards with balanced keys, as in the [[Cantigas de Santa Maria]].<ref>Riaño, J. F. (1887). [https://archive.org/details/criticalbibliogr00riauoft Critical and Bibliographical Notes on Early Spanish Music] (PDF). London: Quaritch, 119–127. {{ISBN|0-306-70193-6}}.</ref>

It is difficult to directly determine when larger organs were first installed in Europe. An early detailed eyewitness account from [[Wulfstan of Winchester]] gives an idea of what organs were like prior to the 13th century, after which more records of large church organs exist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Peter|date=1994|title=Difficulties in Understanding the Earliest Organs|journal=Festschrift Series|pages=167–195}}</ref> In his account, he describes the sound of the organ: "among them bells outstanding in tone and size, and an organ [sounding] through bronze pipes prepared according to the musical proportions."<ref name=":1" /> This is one of the earliest accounts of organs in Europe and also indicates that the organ was large and more permanent than other evidence would suggest.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Caldwell|first=John|date=1966|title=The Organ in the Medieval Latin Liturgy, 800–1500|journal=Proceedings of the Musical Association|volume=93|pages=11–24|doi=10.1093/jrma/93.1.11}}</ref>

The first organ documented to have been permanently installed was one installed in 1361 in [[Halberstadt]], Germany.<ref name="oxforddict">Kennedy, Michael (Ed.) (2002). "Organ". In ''The Oxford Dictionary of Music'', p. 644. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> The first documented permanent organ installation likely prompted [[Guillaume de Machaut]] to describe the organ as "the king of instruments", a characterization still frequently applied.<ref>Sumner "The Organ", 39.</ref> The Halberstadt organ was the first instrument to use a [[chromatic]] key layout across its three manuals and pedalboard, although the keys were wider than on modern instruments.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315885/keyboard-instrument Keyboard instrument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702232804/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315885/keyboard-instrument |date=2 July 2008 }} (2008). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'' (subscription required, though relevant reference is viewable in concise article). Retrieved on 26 January 2008.</ref> The width of the keys was slightly over two and a half inches, wide enough to be struck down by the fist, as the early keys are reported to have invariably been manipulated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Audsley |first=George Ashdown |title=The Art of Organ Building |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1965 |isbn=0-486-21315-3 |edition=2nd |pages=Volume II, page 61}}</ref> It had twenty bellows operated by ten men, and the wind pressure was so high that the player had to use the full strength of their arm to hold down a key.<ref name="oxforddict"/>

Records of other organs permanently installed and used in worship services in the late 13th and 14th centuries are found in large cathedrals such as [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre Dame]], the latter documenting organists hired to by the church and the installation of larger and permanent organs.<ref name=":2" /> The earliest is a payment in 1332 from the clergy of Notre Dame to an organist to perform on the feasts St. Louis and St. Michael.<ref name=":2" /> The Notre Dame School also shows how organs could have been used within the increased use of polyphony, which would have allowed for the use of more instrumental voices within the music.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Peter|date=1997|title=Further on The Organ in Western Culture 750–1250|journal=The Organ Yearbook |volume=27|pages=133–141}}</ref> According to documentation from the 9th century by Walafrid Strabo, the organ was also used for music during other parts of the church service—the prelude and postlude the main examples—and not just for the effect of polyphony with the choir. Other possible instances of this were short interludes played on the organ either in between parts of the church service or during choral songs, but they were not played at the same time as the choir was singing.<ref>Bowles, E. A. (1962). The Organ in the Medieval Liturgical Service. Revue Belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift Voor Muziekwetenschap, 16(1/4), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.2307/3686069</ref> This shows that by this point in time organs were fully used within church services and not just in secular settings. Organs from earlier in the medieval period are evidenced by surviving keyboards and casings, but no pipes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gwynn|first=Dominic|date=2015|title=The Mediaeval Tradition in English Organ Building|journal=Organists' Review|volume=101|pages=41–45}}</ref> Until the mid-15th century, organs had no stop controls. Each manual controlled ranks at many pitches, known as the "Blockwerk."<ref>Douglass, 10–12.</ref> Around 1450, controls were designed that allowed the ranks of the Blockwerk to be played individually. These devices were the forerunners of modern stop actions.<ref>Thistlethwaite, 5.</ref> The higher-pitched ranks of the Blockwerk remained grouped together under a single stop control; these stops developed into [[mixture (music)|mixtures]].<ref>Phelps, Lawrence (1973). "[http://www.lawrencephelps.com/Documents/Articles/Phelps/abrieflook.shtml A brief look at the French Classical organ, its origins and German counterpart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907041150/http://www.lawrencephelps.com/Documents/Articles/Phelps/abrieflook.shtml |date=7 September 2006 }}". Steve Thomas. Retrieved on 7 May 2007.</ref>

{{anchor|baroque organ}}<!--''Baroque organ'' and ''Baroque Organ'' redirect to the above anchor. If this section changes please update the redirects as necessary. TIA -->