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===Founding, Trail of Tears and the antebellum era (1832β1861)=== Bonne built a log cabin with a lean-to which served as his home... as well as a tavern with lodging accommodations for travelers. The settlement was officially named βThe Town of Pine Bluffβ by the county court on October 16, 1832.<ref name="nwa2019"/> With its proximity to the Arkansas River, the town served as an [[inland port]] for [[steamboat]] travel and shipping. Steamboats provided the primary mode of transport, arriving from downriver ports such as [[New Orleans]]. From 1832 to 1838, Pine Bluff residents would see Native American migrants on the [[Trail of Tears]] waterway who were being forcibly removed by the [[United States Army]] from the [[American Southeast|Southeast]] to the [[Indian Territory]] west of the [[Mississippi River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkansas.com/city-listings/city_detail.aspx?city=Pine+Bluff|title=Arkansas City Listings|access-date=September 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430115552/http://www.arkansas.com/city-listings/city_detail.aspx?city=Pine+Bluff|archive-date=April 30, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1832 to 1858, the town was a station on the Trail of Tears for the [[Seminole]] and their [[Black Seminoles|slaves]], who were forcibly removed from [[Florida Territory]] to the Indian Territory. They included the legendary Black Seminole leader [[John Horse]], who arrived in the city via the steamboat ''Swan'' in 1842.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkansaspreservation.com/preservation-services/trail-of-tears/pdfs/seminoles.pdf|title=The Seminoles|access-date=October 20, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707162541/http://www.arkansaspreservation.com/preservation-services/trail-of-tears/pdfs/seminoles.pdf|archive-date=July 7, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.johnhorse.com/|title=Rebellion: John Horse and the Black Seminoles|access-date=September 6, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anpa.ualr.edu/trail_of_tears/indian_removal_project/a_chronicle/seminole.htm#1842|title=Sequoyah Research Center: A Chronicle, 1830β1849|access-date=April 4, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204190434/http://anpa.ualr.edu/trail_of_tears/indian_removal_project/a_chronicle/seminole.htm#1842|archive-date=February 4, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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