Editing Picaresque novel (section)

==History==

===''Lazarillo de Tormes'' and its sources===
While elements of literature by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] and [[Giovanni Boccaccio]] have a picaresque feel and may have contributed to the style,<ref name="Neachtain2000">{{cite book|author=Seán Ó Neachtain|title=The History of Éamon O'Clery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2hX-AhmR04C&pg=PA6|access-date=30 May 2013|year=2000|publisher=Clo Iar-Chonnacht|isbn=978-1-902420-35-6|page=6}}</ref> the modern picaresque begins with ''[[Lazarillo de Tormes]]'',<ref name="TurnerNez2003">{{cite book|author1=Turner, Harriet |author2= López de Martínez, Adelaida|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Spanish Novel: From 1600 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUD5rWJufkoC&pg=PA15|access-date=30 May 2013|date=11 September 2003|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-77815-2|page=15}}</ref> which was published anonymously in 1554 in [[Burgos]], [[Medina del Campo]], and [[Alcalá de Henares]] in Spain, and also in [[Antwerp]], which at the time was under Spanish rule as a major city in the [[Spanish Netherlands]]. It is variously considered either the first picaresque novel or at least the antecedent of the genre.

The protagonist, Lázaro, lives by his wits in an effort to survive and succeed in an impoverished country full of hypocrisy. As a ''pícaro'' character, he is an alienated outsider, whose ability to expose and ridicule individuals compromised within society gives him a revolutionary stance.<ref>Cruz, Anne J. (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=WIwLAQAAMAAJ ''Approaches to teaching Lazarillo de Tormes and the picaresque tradition'', p. 19.] ("The ''pícaro''{{'}}s revolutionary stance, as an alienated outsider who nevertheless constructs his own self and his world").</ref> Lázaro states that the motivation for his writing is to communicate his experiences of overcoming deception, hypocrisy, and falsehood (''engaño'').<ref>MacAdam, Alfred J. [https://books.google.com/books?id=08wGHT9iug8C&pg=PA138 ''Textual confrontations: comparative readings in Latin American literature'', p. 138.] ''Google Books''.</ref>

The character type draws on elements of [[characterization]] already present in [[Latin literature|Roman literature]], especially Petronius's ''[[Satyricon]]''. Lázaro shares some of the traits of the central figure of [[Satyricon#Principal characters|Encolpius]], a former gladiator,<ref name="Chaytor1922pvii"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=E8lAAAAAYAAJ ''The life of Lazarillo de Tormes: his fortunes and adversities''] (1962) p. 18.</ref> though it is unlikely that the author had access to Petronius's work.<ref>Martin, René (1999) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rY9fAAAAMAAJ ''Le Satyricon: Pétrone'', p. 105.]  ''Google Books''.</ref> From the comedies of [[Plautus]], ''Lazarillo'' borrows the figure of the parasite and the supple slave. Other traits are taken from Apuleius's ''[[The Golden Ass]]''.<ref name="Chaytor1922pvii">Chaytor, Henry John (1922)[https://books.google.com/books?id=eRJKAAAAIAAJ ''La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes''] p. vii.</ref> ''The Golden Ass'' and ''Satyricon'' are rare surviving samples of the "[[Milesian tale]]", a popular genre in the classical world, and were revived and widely read in Renaissance Europe.

[[File:Apuleius Metamorphoses c. 65.jpg|thumb|One of the most influential novels on the picaresque genre was ''[[The Golden Ass]]'' by [[Apuleius]], which he published sometime in the 2nd century AD. (ms. Vat. Lat. 2194, [[Vatican Library]]) (1345 illustration).]]
The principal episodes of ''Lazarillo'' are based on Arabic folktales that were well known to the Moorish inhabitants of Spain. The Arabic influence may account for the negative portrayal of priests and other church officials in ''Lazarillo''.<ref>Fouad Al-Mounir, "The Muslim Heritage of ''Lazarillo de Tormes''," ''The Maghreb Review'' vol. 8, no. 2 (1983), pp. 16–17.</ref> [[Arabic literature]], which was read widely in Spain in the time of [[Al-Andalus]] and possessed a literary tradition with similar themes, is thus another possible influence on the picaresque style. [[Al-Hamadhani]] (d.1008) of Hamadhan (Iran) is credited with inventing the literary genre of [[Maqama|''maqāmāt'']] in which a wandering vagabond makes his living on the gifts his listeners give him following his extemporaneous displays of rhetoric, erudition, or verse, often done with a [[trickster]]'s touch.<ref>[[James T. Monroe]], ''The art of Badi'u 'l-Zaman al-Hamadhani as picaresque narrative'' (American University of Beirut c1983).</ref> Ibn al-Astarkuwi or al-Ashtarkuni (d.1134) also wrote in the genre ''maqāmāt'', comparable to later European picaresque.<ref>Monroe, James T. translator, ''Al-Maqamat al-luzumiyah, by Abu-l-Tahir Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Tamimi al-Saraqus'i ibn al-Astarkuwi''. Leiden: Brill, 2002.</ref>

The curious presence of Russian [[loanword]]s in the text of the ''Lazarillo'' also suggests the influence of medieval Slavic tales of tricksters, thieves, itinerant prostitutes, and brigands, who were common figures in the impoverished areas bordering on Germany to the west. When diplomatic ties to Germany and Spain were established under the emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], these tales began to be read in Italian translations in the [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref>S. Rodzevich, "K istorii russkogo romantizma", ''Russky Filologichesky Vestnik'', 77 (1917), 194–237 (in Russian).</ref>

As narrator of his own adventures, Lázaro seeks to portray himself as the victim of both his ancestry and his circumstance. This means of appealing to the compassion of the reader would be directly challenged by later picaresque novels such as ''[[Guzmán de Alfarache]]'' (1599/1604) and  ''[[El Buscón]]'' (composed in the first decade of the 17th century and first published in 1626) because the idea of [[determinism]] used to cast the ''pícaro'' as a victim clashed with the [[Catholic Revival]] doctrine of [[free will]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boruchoff |first=David A. |title=Free Will, the Picaresque, and the Exemplarity of Cervantes's ''Novelas ejemplares'' |journal=[[Modern Language Notes|MLN]] |volume=124 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pages=372–403 |doi=10.1353/mln.0.0121 |jstor=29734505 |s2cid=162205817 }}</ref>

===Other initial works===
[[Image:Grabado Guzmán Alfarache.jpg|thumb|left|Title page of the book ''Guzmán de Alfarache'' (1599)]]
An early example is [[Mateo Alemán]]'s ''[[Guzmán de Alfarache]]'' (1599), characterized by religiosity. Guzmán de Alfarache is a fictional character who lived in the city of [[San Juan de Aznalfarache]], in [[Seville]], Spain.

[[Francisco de Quevedo]]'s ''[[El Buscón]]'' (1604 according to Francisco Rico; the exact date is uncertain, yet it was certainly a very early work) is considered the absolute masterpiece of the genre by A. A. Parker, because of his [[baroque]] style and the study of delinquent psychology. However, a different school of thought, led by [[Francisco Rico]], rejects Parker's view, contending instead that the protagonist is an unrealistic character and that—as the structure of the novel is radically different from previous works in the picaresque genre—Quevedo is using the form as a mere vehicle to show off his abilities with conceit and rhetoric (rather than to actually construct a satirical critique of [[Spanish Golden Age]] society).{{citation needed|reason=is this a notable-enough critique & position to include it here, rather than on the novel's page? where did Rico write this?|date=December 2024}}

[[Miguel de Cervantes]] wrote several works "in the picaresque manner, notably ''[[Rinconete y Cortadillo]]'' (1613) and ''[[El coloquio de los perros]]'' (1613; "Colloquy of the Dogs")". "Cervantes also incorporated elements of the picaresque into his greatest novel, ''[[Don Quixote]]'' (1605, 1615)",<ref name="Britannica Picaresque">[https://www.britannica.com/art/picaresque-novel "Picaresque", Britannica online]</ref> the "single most important progenitor of the modern novel", that [[M. H. Abrams]] has described as a "quasi-picaresque narrative".<ref>{{cite book |title=A Glossary of Literary Terms |edition=7th |publisher=Harcourt Brace |year=1985 |page=191 |isbn=0-03-054982-5 }}</ref> Here the hero is not a rogue but a foolish knight.

In order to understand the historical context that led to the development of these paradigmatic picaresque novels in Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries, it is essential to take into consideration the circumstances surrounding the lives of ''[[converso]]s,'' whose ancestors had been Jewish, and whose [[New Christian]] faith was subjected to close scrutiny and mistrust.{{efn|For an overview of scholarship on the role of ''conversos'' in the development of the picaresque novel in 16th- and 17th-century Spain, see {{cite book |first=Yael |last=Halevi-Wise |chapter=The Life and Times of the Pícaro Converso from Spain to Latin America |title=Sephardism: Spanish Jewish History in the Modern Literary Imagination |editor-first=Yael |editor-last=Halevi-Wise |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8047-7746-9 |pages=143–167 }}}}

The Spanish novels were read and imitated in other European countries where their influence can be found. In Germany, [[Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen]] wrote ''[[Simplicius Simplicissimus]]''<ref>{{cite book|last=Grimmelshausen|first=H. J. Chr.|title=Der abentheurliche Simplicissimus|trans-title=The adventurous Simplicissimus|language=de|url=http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/show/grimmelshausen_simplicissimus_1669|author-link=Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen|location=Nuremberg|publisher=J. Fillion|year=1669|oclc=22567416}}</ref> (1669), considered the most important of non-Spanish picaresque novels. It describes the devastation caused by the [[Thirty Years' War]]. Grimmelshausen's novel has been called an example of the German ''abenteuerroman'' (which literally means "adventure novel"). An ''abenteuerroman'' is Germany's version of the picaresque novel; it is an "entertaining story of the adventures of the hero, but there is also often a serious aspect to the story."<ref name="Merriam-Webster 1995. Page 3">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, Publishers. Springfield, Massachusetts, 1995. Page 3.</ref>

[[Alain-René Le Sage]]'s ''[[Gil Blas]]'' (1715) is a classic example of the genre,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Paulson |first=Ronald |jstor=27714644 |title=Reviewed Work: ''Rogue's Progress: Studies in the Picaresque Novel by Robert Alter'' |journal=The Journal of English and Germanic Philology |volume=64 |issue=2 |year=1965 |page=303 }}</ref> which in France had declined into an aristocratic adventure.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} In Britain, the first example is Thomas Nashe's ''[[The Unfortunate Traveller]]'' (1594) in which a court page, Jack Wilson, exposes the underclass life in a string of European cities through lively, often brutal descriptions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Michael |title=The Novel: A Biography |location=Cambridge |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2014 |isbn= }}</ref> The body of [[Tobias Smollett]]'s work, and [[Daniel Defoe]]'s ''[[Moll Flanders]]'' (1722) are considered picaresque, but they lack the sense of religious redemption of delinquency that was very important in Spanish and German novels. The triumph of Moll Flanders is more economic than moral.{{dubious|date=April 2025}} While the mores of the early 18th century wouldn't permit Moll to be a heroine ''per se'', Defoe hardly disguises his admiration for her resilience and resourcefulness.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

====Works with some picaresque elements====
The autobiography of [[Benvenuto Cellini]], written in [[Florence]] beginning in 1558, also has much in common with the picaresque.

The classic Chinese novel ''[[Journey to the West]]'' is considered to have considerable picaresque elements. Having been published  in 1590, it is contemporary with much of the above—but is unlikely to have been directly influenced by the European genre.

===18th and 19th centuries===
[[Henry Fielding]] proved his mastery of the form in ''[[Joseph Andrews]]'' (1742), ''[[The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great]]'' (1743) and ''[[The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling]]'' (1749), though Fielding attributed his style to an "imitation of the manner of [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]], author of ''[[Don Quixote]]''".{{efn|The title page of the first edition of ''Joseph Andrews'' lists its full title as: ''The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews, and of His Friend Mr. Abraham Adams. Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes, Author of Don Quixote''.}}

[[William Makepeace Thackeray]] is the master of the 19th-century English picaresque. His best-known work, ''[[Vanity Fair (novel)|Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero]]'' (1847–1848) — a title ironically derived from [[John Bunyan]]'s Puritan allegory of redemption ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'' (1678) — follows the career of fortune-hunting adventuress [[Becky Sharp]], her progress echoing the earlier ''Moll Flanders''. His earlier novel ''[[The Luck of Barry Lyndon]]'' (1844) recounts the rise and fall of an Irish arriviste conniving his way into the 18th-century English aristocracy.

The 1880 Romanian novella [[Ivan Turbincă]] tells the story of a kind, but hedonistic and scheming ex soldier who ends up tricking God, the Devil, and the Grim Reaper so that he can sneak into Heaven to party forever. 

[[Aleko Konstantinov]] wrote the 1895 novel ''[[Bay Ganyo]]'' about the [[Bay Ganyo|eponymous Bulgarian rogue]]. The character conducts business of uneven honesty around Europe before returning home to get into politics and newspaper publishing. Bay Ganyo is a well-known stereotype in Bulgaria.

====Works influenced by the picaresque====
In the English-speaking world, the term "picaresque" has referred more to a [[literary technique]] or model than to the precise genre that the Spanish call ''picaresco''. The English-language term can simply refer to an episodic recounting of the adventures of an [[anti-hero]] on the road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/picaresque-novel|title=Picaresque novel {{!}} literature|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref>

[[Laurence Sterne]]'s ''[[The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman]]'' (1761–1767) and ''[[A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy]]'' (1768) each have strong picaresque elements. [[Voltaire]]'s [[satirical]] novel ''[[Candide]]'' (1759) contains elements of the picaresque. An interesting variation on the tradition of the picaresque is ''[[The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan]]'' (1824), a satirical view on early 19th-century [[Persia]], written by [[James Morier]]. Another novel on the same theme is ''[[A Rogue's Life]]'' (1857) by [[Wilkie Collins]].

Elements{{clarify|date=July 2018}} of the picaresque novel are found in [[Charles Dickens]]' ''[[The Pickwick Papers]]'' (1836–37).<ref name="Britannica Picaresque" />[[Nikolai Gogol]] occasionally used the technique, as in ''[[Dead Souls]]'' (1842–52).<ref>{{cite book |last=Striedter |first=Jurij |title=Der Schelmenroman in Russland: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Russischen Romans vor Gogol |location=Berlin |publisher=Freien Universität |year=1961 |oclc=1067476065 |language=de }}</ref> [[Mark Twain]]'s ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' (1884) also has some elements of the picaresque novel.<ref name="Britannica Picaresque" />

===20th and 21st centuries===
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Osstapp1.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of [[Ostap Bender]] in [[Elista]]]]
''[[Kvachi Kvachantiradze]]'' is a novel by [[Mikheil Javakhishvili]] published in 1924. This is, in brief, the story of a swindler, a Georgian [[Confessions of Felix Krull|Felix Krull]], or perhaps a cynical [[Don Quixote]], named Kvachi Kvachantiradze: womanizer, cheat, perpetrator of insurance fraud, bank-robber, associate of Rasputin, filmmaker, revolutionary, and pimp.

''[[The Twelve Chairs]]'' (1928) and its sequel, ''[[The Little Golden Calf]]'' (1931), by [[Ilya Ilf]] and [[Yevgeni Petrov (writer)|Yevgeni Petrov]] (together known as [[Ilf and Petrov]]) became classics of 20th-century [[Russian literature|Russian]] satire and the basis for [[The Twelve Chairs (disambiguation)|numerous film adaptations]].

[[Camilo José Cela]]'s ''[[The Family of Pascual Duarte]]'' (1942),<ref>{{Citation|last=Godsland|first=Shelley|title=The neopicaresque: The picaresque myth in the twentieth-century novel|date=2015|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/picaresque-novel-in-western-literature/neopicaresque/0DFBEE29CB4D6C25A7F156D256404CFA|work=The Picaresque Novel in Western Literature: From the Sixteenth Century to the Neopicaresque|pages=247–268|editor-last=Garrido Ardila|editor-first=J. A.|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03165-4|access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref> [[Ralph Ellison]]'s ''[[Invisible Man]]'' (1952) and ''[[The Adventures of Augie March]]'' by [[Saul Bellow]] (1953) were also among mid-twentieth-century picaresque literature.<ref>{{Cite thesis |degree=Master |last=Deters|first=Mary E.|date=1969|title=A Study of the Picaresque Novel in Twentieth-Century America |publisher=Wisconsin State University |url=https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/48359|language=en-US}}</ref> [[John A. Lee]]'s ''[[Shining with the Shiner]]'' (1944) tells amusing tales about New Zealand folk hero [[Edmond Slattery|Ned Slattery]] (1840–1927) surviving by his wits and beating the '[[Protestant work ethic]]'. So too is [[Thomas Mann]]'s ''[[Confessions of Felix Krull]]'' (1954), which like many novels emphasizes the theme of a charmingly roguish ascent in the social order. ''[[Under the Net]]'' (1954) by [[Iris Murdoch]],{{efn|Chosen by ''Time'' magazine and Modern Library editors as one of the greatest English-language novels of the 20th century. See [[Under the Net]].}} [[Günter Grass]]'s ''[[The Tin Drum]]'' (1959) is a German picaresque novel. [[John Barth]]'s ''[[The Sot-Weed Factor (1960 novel)|The Sot-Weed Factor]]'' (1960) is a picaresque novel that parodies the [[historical novel]] and uses [[black humor]] by intentionally incorrectly using [[literary device]]s.<ref name="Merriam-Webster 1995. Page 3"/>

Other examples from the 1960s and 1970s include [[Jerzy Kosinski]]'s ''[[The Painted Bird]]'' (1965), [[Vladimir Voinovich]]'s ''[[The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin]]'' (1969), and [[Arto Paasilinna]]'s ''[[The Year of the Hare (novel)|The Year of the Hare]]'' (1975).

Examples from the 1980s include [[John Kennedy Toole]]'s novel ''[[A Confederacy of Dunces]]'', which was published in 1980, eleven years after the author's suicide, and won the 1981 [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]]. It follows the adventures of Ignatius J. Reilly, a well-educated but lazy and obese slob, as he attempts to find stable employment in New Orleans and meets many colorful characters along the way. 

Later examples include [[Umberto Eco]]'s ''[[Baudolino]]'' (2000),<ref>As expressed by the author {{Cite periodical |periodical=The Modern World | title = With Baudolino, Eco Returns to Romance Writing| date = 11 September 2000| url = http://www.themodernword.com/eco/eco_repubblica_00_baud.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060906080208/http://www.themodernword.com/eco/eco_repubblica_00_baud.html| archive-date = 6 September 2006}}</ref> and [[Aravind Adiga]]'s ''[[The White Tiger (Adiga novel)|The White Tiger]]'' (Booker Prize 2008).<ref name = sanderson>{{cite news| newspaper = Telegraph|location=UK | title = The picaresque, in detail|date=4 November 2003| access-date = March 16, 2010| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3605787/The-picaresque-in-detail.html| first = Mark| last = Sanderson}}</ref>

[[William S. Burroughs]] was a devoted fan of picaresque novels, and gave a series of lectures involving the topic in 1979 at [[Naropa University]] in Colorado. He says it is impossible to separate the [[anti-hero]] from the picaresque novel, that most of these are funny, and they all have protagonists who are outsiders by their nature. His list of picaresque novels includes Petronius' novel ''[[Satyricon]]'' (54–68 AD), ''[[The Unfortunate Traveller]]'' (1594) by Thomas Nashe, both ''[[Maiden Voyage (novel)|Maiden Voyage]]'' (1943) and ''[[A Voice Through a Cloud]]'' (1950) by [[Denton Welch]], ''[[Two Serious Ladies]]'' (1943) by [[Jane Bowles]], ''[[Death on Credit]]'' (1936) by [[Louis-Ferdinand Céline]], and even himself.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/4d3fDtxCiAQ Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130509142235/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4d3fDtxCiAQ&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4d3fDtxCiAQ|title=Class On Creative Reading – William S. Burroughs – 2/3|last=NewThinkable|date=7 March 2013|access-date=14 March 2018|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In contemporary Latin American literature, there are [[Manuel Rojas (author)|Manuel Rojas]]' ''[[Hijo de ladrón]]'' (1951), [[Joaquín Edwards Bello|Joaquín Edwards]]' ''El roto'' (1968), [[Elena Poniatowska]]'s ''Hasta no verte Jesús mío'' (1969), [[Luis Zapata (writer)|Luis Zapata]]'s ''[[El vampiro de la colonia Roma|Las aventuras, desventuras y sueños de Adonis García, el vampiro de la colonia Roma]]'' (1978) and [[José Baroja]]'s ''Un hijo de perra'' (2017), among others.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sobre la picaresca en Hispanoamérica|last=Fernández|first=Teodosio|year=2001|hdl=10486/670544|hdl-access=free|journal=Edad de Oro|volume=XX|pages=95–104|language=es|issn=0212-0429}}</ref>

====Works influenced by the picaresque====

* [[Jaroslav Hašek]]'s ''[[The Good Soldier Švejk]]'' (1923) is an example of a work from Central Europe that has picaresque elements.<ref name="Weitzman 2006 pp. 117–148">{{cite journal | last=Weitzman | first=Erica | title=Imperium Stupidum: Švejk, Satire, Sabotage, Sabotage | journal=Law and Literature | publisher=University of California Press | volume=18 | issue=2 | year=2006 | issn=1535-685X | doi=10.1525/lal.2006.18.2.117 | pages=117–148| s2cid=144736158 }}</ref>
* [[J. B. Priestley]] made use of the form in his ''[[The Good Companions]]'' (1929), which won the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for Fiction.
* [[Fritz Leiber]]'s [[sword and sorcery]] series of novels, ''[[Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser]]'', are considered to have many picaresque elements, and are sometimes described as picaresque on the whole.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfsite.com/07a/fgm131.htm|title=The First & Second Books of Lankhmar|last=Thompson|first=William|date=2014|website=SF Site|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://totally-epic.kwakk.info/2020/03/27/1990-fafhrd-and-the-gray-mouser/|title=1990: Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser|date=27 May 2020|website=Totally Epic|publisher=Epic Comics|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://speculiction.blogspot.com/2012/11/review-of-first-book-of-lankhmar-by.html|title=Review of "The First Book of Lankhmar" by Fritz Leiber|date=8 November 2012|website=Speculiction|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theoutcastrogue.tumblr.com/post/640310065062182912/besides-the-mafia-what-exactly-is-a-thieves|title=we ARE Rogue|date=14 January 2021|website=The Outcast Rogue|publisher=Tumblr|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>
* [[Hannah Tinti]]'s novel ''[[The Good Thief (novel)|The Good Thief]]'' (2008) features a young, one-handed orphan who craves a family, and finds one in a group of rogues and misfits.

===In cinema===
In 1987 an [[Cinema of Italy|Italian]] [[comedy]] film written and directed by [[Mario Monicelli]] was released under the Italian title ''I picari''. It was co-produced with Spain, where it was released as ''Los alegres pícaros'',<ref>{{cite book|author1=Roberto Chiti |author2=Roberto Poppi |author3=Enrico Lancia |title=Dizionario del cinema italiano|publisher=Gremese Editore, 1991}}</ref> and internationally as ''[[The Rogues (film)|The Rogues]]''. Starring [[Vittorio Gassman]], [[Nino Manfredi]], [[Enrico Montesano]], [[Giuliana De Sio]] and [[Giancarlo Giannini]], the film is freely inspired by the Spanish novels ''[[Lazarillo de Tormes]]'' and ''[[Guzman de Alfarache]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leonardo De Franceschi|title=Lo sguardo eclettico|publisher=Marsilio, 2001}}</ref> The [[Disney]] film ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'' (1992) can be considered a picaresque story.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onthewarside.wordpress.com/2015/10/30/wait-what-aladdin-is-a-picaro/|title="Wait! What? Aladdin is a Picaro?" by unknown|date=30 October 2015|website=onthewarside.wordpress.com|access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

===In television===
The sixth episode of Season 1 of the Spanish fantasy television series, ''[[El ministerio del tiempo]]'' (English title: ''The Ministry of Time''), entitled "Tiempo de pícaros" (Time of rascals) focuses on Lazarillo de Tormes as a young boy prior to his adventures in the genre-creating novel that bears his name. The [[Netflix]] series ''[[Inventing Anna]]'' (2022) has been called "somewhat anhedonic post-internet picaresque".<ref>{{cite web |title=False Profit|url=https://www.artforum.com/columns/chloe-wyma-on-shonda-rhimess-inventing-anna-251377/|website=artforum|date=February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref>