Editing Phonograph record (section)

==Early development==
Manufacture of disc records began in the late 19th century, at first competing with earlier cylinder records.  Price, ease of use and storage made the disc record dominant by the 1910s. The standard format of disc records became known to later generations as "78s" after their playback speed in revolutions per minute, although that speed only became standardized in the late 1920s.  In the late 1940s new formats pressed in vinyl, the 45 rpm single and 33 rpm long playing "LP", were introduced, gradually overtaking the formerly standard "78s" over the next decade.  The late 1950s saw the introduction of stereophonic sound on commercial discs.

===Predecessors===
{{main|History of sound recording}}
The [[phonautograph]] was invented by 1857 by Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.<ref name=TimeGraphics>{{cite web|url=https://time.graphics/event/41158|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|title=mar 25, 1857 - Phonautograph invented.|language=en-US|url-status=live|accessdate=13 July 2022|archivedate=29 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629175625/https://time.graphics/event/41158}}</ref> It could not, however, play back recorded sound,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/edis/learn/historyculture/origins-of-sound-recording-edouard-leon-scott-de-martinville.htm|title=Origins of Sound Recording: The Inventors: Edouard-Léon Scott de Martinville: The Phonautograph|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=17 July 2017|access-date=21 April 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306065116/https://www.nps.gov/edis/learn/historyculture/origins-of-sound-recording-edouard-leon-scott-de-martinville.htm}}</ref> as Scott intended for people to read back the tracings,<ref name=Time5.1.18>{{cite web|url=https://time.com/5084599/first-recorded-sound/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|title=What Was the First Sound Ever Recorded by a Machine?|author=Fabry, Merrill|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=1 May 2018|access-date=13 February 2022|archivedate=7 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607172532/https://time.com/5084599/first-recorded-sound/}}</ref> which he called phonautograms.<ref name=FirstSounds>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstsounds.org/research/scott.php|title=Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville|publisher=First Sounds|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=2008|access-date=13 July 2022|archivedate=1 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701004645/http://www.firstsounds.org/research/scott.php}}</ref> Prior to this, [[tuning fork]]s had been used in this way to create direct tracings of the vibrations of sound-producing objects, as by English physicist [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]] in 1807.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaAYfJYVNXQC|title=Nineeenth-century Scientific Instruments|language=en-US|url-status=live|publisher=University of California Press|page=137|date=1983|isbn=9780520051607 |archivedate=15 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215062429/https://books.google.com/books?id=FaAYfJYVNXQC&pg=PA137&dq=thomas+young+tuning+fork&hl=en&ei=bsY5Tcm7GYmh8QOnppXYCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBw}}</ref> 

In 1877, [[Thomas Edison]] invented the first [[phonograph]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/biography/life-of-thomas-alva-edison/|title=The Life of Thomas A. Edison|work=[[Library of Congress]]|url-status=live|language=en-US|access-date=21 April 2023|archive-date=20 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120001520/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edbio.html}}</ref> which etched sound recordings onto [[phonograph cylinders]]. Unlike the phonautograph, Edison's phonograph could both record and reproduce sound, via two separate needles, one for each function.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-sound-recordings/history-of-the-cylinder-phonograph/|title=History of the Cylinder Phonograph|work=[[Library of Congress]]|url-status=live|language=en-US|access-date=21 April 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331150136/https://www.loc.gov/collections/edison-company-motion-pictures-and-sound-recordings/articles-and-essays/history-of-edison-sound-recordings/history-of-the-cylinder-phonograph/}}</ref>

===The first disc records===
[[File:Emile Berliner with phonograph.jpg|thumb|Emile Berliner with disc record gramophone]]

The first commercially sold disc records were created by [[Emile Berliner]] in the 1880s. Emile Berliner improved the quality of recordings while his manufacturing associate [[Eldridge R. Johnson]], who owned a machine shop in [[Camden, New Jersey]], eventually improved the mechanism of the gramophone with a spring motor and a speed regulating governor, resulting in a sound quality equal to Edison's cylinders. Abandoning Berliner's "Gramophone" trademark for legal reasons in the United States, Johnson's and Berliner's separate companies reorganized in 1901 to form the [[Victor Talking Machine Company]] in Camden, New Jersey, whose products would come to dominate the market for several decades.<ref name="life">{{Cite magazine| title=First It Said 'Mary' | magazine=[[Life (magazine)|LIFE]] | first=Robert | last=Wallace | date=17 November 1952 | pages=87–102 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIEAAAAMBAJ }}</ref>

Berliner's Montreal factory, which became the Canadian branch of [[RCA Victor]], still exists. There is a dedicated museum in Montreal for Berliner ([[Musée des ondes Emile Berliner]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centennial of Broadcasting in Canada |website=Canadashistory.ca |url=https://www.canadashistory.ca/awards/governor-general-s-history-awards/award-recipients/2020/centennial-of-broadcasting-in-canada |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>