Editing Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (section)

==Education==
[[File:Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Chartres by Nicolas de Largillière.jpg|thumb|Philippe in 1686 by [[Nicolas de Largillière]]]]
A program of how best to educate a prince was drawn up exclusively for him by [[Guillaume Dubois]], his preceptor.<ref>V. de Seilhac, ''L'Abbé Dubois, premier ministre de Louis XV'' (Paris, 1862), especially pp. 5-11, 185-205, for the prince's education.</ref> Dubois had entered Philippe's household in 1683 as his "under-preceptor". Philippe's education was carried out by the respected instructor Nicholas-François Parisot de Saint-Laurent until 1687.<ref name=Pevitt/>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/philippeducdorle00pevi/page/23 23]}}

Each course of study taught the ''Duc de Chartres'' the "principles" or "elements" of a subject. Some of the best historians, genealogists, scientists and artists in the kingdom participated in this educational experiment, which started around 1689. For example, Philippe learned physics and mathematics from [[Joseph Sauveur]]; and from [[Étienne Loulié]]<ref>Patricia M. Ranum, "Étienne Loulié (1654-1702), musicien de Mademoiselle de Guise, pédagogue et théoricien", (part 1) ''Recherches'', 25 (1987), especially pp. 67-75, on the prince's education; and (part 2), ''Recherches'', 26 (1988-90), especially pp. 5-10, on the prince's subsequent protection of Loulié.</ref> he learned musical notation, elementary musical theory, plus the basics of playing the viol and the recorder.

Chartres was reared alongside [[Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon]], later famous for his memoirs and defense of the rights of the [[peerage of France]]; Saint-Simon often accompanied the duke, and his wife was later a [[lady-in-waiting]] to Philippe's daughter, [[Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans|Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans]], Duchesse de Berry.

Next, collaborating to link physics and music, Sauveur and Loulié demonstrated vibrating strings and the Galilean pendulum, and how the mathematical principles on which these devices depend are related to music. Finally, in 1693 the prince studied composition with [[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]]. With Charpentier's help, he composed an opera, ''Philomèle'', performed at his residence in 1694; and in 1705 the prince wrote a second opera, ''Penthée'', to a libretto by the [[Charles Auguste de la Fare|Marquis de La Fare]]. In the late 1690s Chartres studied the [[viol]] with [[Antoine Forqueray]] the elder. Meanwhile, he was studying diplomacy and riding, as preparations for a military career.

In May 1685 the ''Duc de Chartres'', then just ten years old, made his first public appearance at Versailles; the occasion was the arrival of the [[Doge of Genoa]], [[Francesco Maria Imperiale Lercari]], at the French court. Chartres was put on a stage with his uncle, cousin and father. On 2 June 1686 Chartres was invested with the [[Order of the Holy Spirit]] at Versailles; on the same day his future brother-in-law, [[Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, Duc du Maine]], also joined the order as did his cousins [[Louis III, Prince of Condé|Louis III, prince de Condé]] and [[François Louis, Prince of Conti|François Louis, Prince de Conti]].