Editing Philip IV of France (section)

==Foreign policy and wars==
===War against England===
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Hommage d Édouard Ier à Philippe le Bel.jpg|thumb|Homage of Edward I (kneeling) to Philip IV (seated). As duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king. Illumination made in the 15th century by [[Jean Fouquet]].]]
As the [[duke of Aquitaine]], English King [[Edward I]] was a vassal to Philip and had to pay him [[homage (feudal)|homage]]. Following the [[Fall of Acre]] in 1291, however, the former allies started to show dissent.<ref name=rois50>Les Rois de France, p. 50</ref>

In 1293, following feuding between English and French sailors that led to several seized ships and the sacking of [[La Rochelle]], Philip summoned Edward to the French court. The English king sought to negotiate the matter via ambassadors sent to Paris, but they were turned away with a blunt refusal. Philip addressed Edward as a duke, a vassal, and nothing more, despite the international implications of the relationship between England and France.

Edward next attempted to use family connections to achieve what open politics had not.  He sent his brother [[Edmund Crouchback]], who was Philip's cousin as well as his step-father-in-law, in attempts to negotiate with the French royal family and avert war. Additionally, Edward had by that time become betrothed by proxy to Philip's sister [[Margaret of France, Queen of England|Margaret]], and, in the event of the negotiations being successful, Edmund was to escort Margaret back to England for her wedding to Edward.

An agreement was indeed reached; it stated that Edward would temporarily relinquish [[Gascony]] to Philip as a sign of submission in his capacity as the duke of Aquitaine. In return, Philip would forgive Edward and restore Gascony after a grace period. Philip would also revoke the previous summons to Edward to appear in the [[parliament of Paris]], and meet the English king at [[Amiens]]. It was further agreed that Edward was to marry Philip IV's sister Margaret.{{sfn|Prestwich|1988|p=379}} On 3 February 1294, orders were given by Edward I to allow the French to take possession of the Gascon strongholds.{{sfn|Keen|2003|p=26}}

Philip IV, however, again summoned Edward I on 21 April, to appear personally before the French court. Edward rejected the summons, and on 19 May he was forfeited of Aquitaine, Gascony and other French possessions for failure to appear in person.{{sfn|Keen|2003|p=26}} A French army was then sent to occupy the confiscated territories. In response Edward I renounced his homage to Philip IV and began preparations for war. 

The ensuing 1294–1303 [[Gascon War]] was the inevitable result of the competitive expansionist monarchies, but the direct campaigns between the two countries [[Gascon campaign (1294–1303)|in Aquitaine]] and [[English expedition to Flanders (1297–1298)|Flanders]] were inconclusive. Instead, the larger consequences were from the taxation undertaken to pay for them and in the alliances used. France initiated the [[Auld Alliance]] between itself and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], underwriting much of the prolonged [[First Scottish War of Independence]]. Meanwhile, England assisted [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] in [[Franco-Flemish War|its own war]] against France; the decimation of a generation of French nobility at the [[Battle of the Golden Spurs]] forced Philip to abandon his occupation of Aquitaine.{{sfn|Wolfe|2009|p=51}}

Pursuant to the terms of the interim [[1299 Treaty of Montreuil]], the marriage of Philip's young daughter [[Isabella of France|Isabella]] to Edward's son [[Edward II of England|Edward{{nbsp}}II]] was celebrated at [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] on 25 January 1308. Meant to further seal a lasting peace, it eventually produced an English claimant to the French throne itself, leading to the [[Hundred Years' War]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

===War with Flanders===
Philip suffered a major setback when an army of 2,500 noble men-at-arms (knights and squires) and 4,000 infantry he sent to suppress an uprising in [[Flanders]] was defeated in the [[Battle of the Golden Spurs]] near [[Kortrijk]] on 11 July 1302. Philip reacted with energy two years later at the [[Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle]], which ended in a decisive French victory.{{sfn|Curveiller|1989|p=34}} Consequently, in 1305, Philip forced the Flemish to accept a harsh peace treaty which exacted heavy reparations and penalties and added to the royal territory the rich cloth cities of [[Lille]], [[Douai]], and Bethune, sites of major cloth fairs.{{sfn|Tucker|2010|p=295}} [[Béthune]], first of the Flemish cities to yield, was granted to [[Mahaut, Countess of Artois]], whose two daughters, to secure her fidelity, were married to Philip's two sons.

===Crusades and diplomacy with Mongols===
{{Main|Franco-Mongol alliance}}

{{Further|Europeans in Medieval China#Diplomatic missions to Europe}}
Philip had various contacts with the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] power in the Middle East, including reception at the embassy of the [[History of the Uyghur people|Uyghur]] monk [[Rabban Bar Sauma]], originally from the [[Yuan dynasty]] of [[History of China|China]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rossabi |date=2014 |first=M. |title=From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi |volume=6 |publisher=Brill |place=Leiden & Boston |pages=385–386 |isbn=978-90-04-28126-4 |author-link=Morris Rossabi }}</ref> Bar Sauma presented an offer of a [[Franco-Mongol alliance]] with [[Arghun]] of the Mongol [[Ilkhanate]] in Baghdad. Arghun was seeking to join forces between the Mongols and the Europeans, against their common enemy the Muslim [[Mamluk]]s. In return, Arghun offered to return Jerusalem to the Christians, once it was re-captured from the Muslims. Philip seemingly responded positively to the request of the embassy by sending one of his noblemen, [[Gobert de Helleville]], to accompany Bar Sauma back to Mongol lands.<ref>Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, [http://www.aina.org/books/mokk/mokk.htm ''The Monks of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229064627/http://www.aina.org/books/mokk/mokk.htm |date=29 February 2016 }} (1928)</ref> There was further correspondence between Arghun and Philip in 1288 and 1289,{{sfn|Street|1963|pp=265–268}} outlining potential military cooperation. However, Philip never actually pursued such military plans.

In April 1305, the new Mongol ruler [[Öljaitü]] sent letters to Philip,<ref>Mostaert & Cleaves, pp. 56–57.</ref> the Pope, and [[Edward I of England]]. He again offered a military collaboration between the Christian nations of Europe and the Mongols against the Mamluks. European nations attempted another Crusade but were delayed, and it never took place. On 4 April 1312, another Crusade was promulgated at the [[Council of Vienne]]. In 1313, Philip "took the cross", making the vow to go on a Crusade in the [[Levant]], thus responding to [[Pope Clement V]]'s call. He was, however, warned against leaving by [[Enguerrand de Marigny]]<ref>Jean Richard, ''Histoire des Croisades'', p. 485</ref> and died soon after in a hunting accident.