Editing Pergamon (section)

===Pre-Hellenistic period===
Earlier habitation in the [[Bronze Age]] cannot be demonstrated, although Bronze Age [[stone tool]]s are found in the surrounding area.<ref>[[Kurt Bittel]], "Zur ältesten Besiedlungsgeschichte der unteren Kaïkos-Ebene," in Kurt Bittel (ed.): ''Kleinasien und Byzanz. Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Altertumskunde und Kunstgeschichte. Martin Schede zu seinem sechzigsten Geburtstag am 20. Oktober 1943 im Manuskript überreicht.'' W. de Gruyter, Berlin 1950, pp. 17–29 (''Istanbuler Forschungen''. Vol. 17).</ref>

Settlement of Pergamon can be detected as far back as the [[Archaic Greece|Archaic period]], thanks to modest archaeological finds, especially fragments of pottery imported from the west, particularly eastern Greece and [[Corinth]], which date to the late 8th century BC.<ref>Jörg Schäfer: ''Hellenistische Keramik aus Pergamon''. de Gruyter, Berlin 1968, p. 14 (''Pergamenische Forschungen''. Vol. 2).</ref>

The earliest mention of Pergamon in literary sources comes from [[Xenophon]]'s ''[[Anabasis (Xenophon)|Anabasis]]'', since the march of the [[Ten Thousand]] under Xenophon's command ended at Pergamon in 400/399 BC.<ref>
[[Xenophon]], ''Anabasis'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Xen.+Anab.+7.8.8 7.8.8]; ''[[Hellenica]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Xen.+Hell.+3.1.6 3.1.6].</ref> Xenophon, who calls the city Pergamos, handed over the rest of his Greek troops (some 5,000 men according to [[Diodorus]]) to [[Thimbron (fl. 400–391 BC)|Thibron]], who was planning an expedition against the Persian [[satrap]]s [[Tissaphernes]] and [[Pharnabazus II|Pharnabazus]], at this location in March 399 BC. At this time Pergamon was in the possession of the family of [[Gongylos]] from [[Eretria]], a Greek favourable to the [[Achaemenid Empire]] who had taken refuge in Asia Minor and obtained the territory of Pergamon from [[Xerxes I]], and Xenophon was hosted by his widow Hellas.<ref>Xenophon, ''Anabasis'' 7.8.7–8.</ref>

In 362 BC, [[Orontes I|Orontes]], satrap of Mysia, used Pergamon as his base for an unsuccessful revolt against the Persian Empire.<ref>''Altertümer von Pergamon''. 8.2, pp. 578–581 No. 613.</ref> Only with [[Alexander the Great]] were Pergamon and the surrounding area removed from Persian control. There are few traces of the pre-Hellenistic city, since in the following period the terrain was profoundly changed and the construction of broad terraces involved the removal of almost all earlier structures. Parts of the temple of [[Athena]], as well as the walls and foundations of the altar in the sanctuary of [[Demeter]], go back to the fourth century.

<gallery mode="packed" widths="140px" heights="145px">
MYSIA, Pergamon. Mid 5th century BCE.jpg|Possible coinage of the Greek ruler [[Gongylos]], wearing the Persian cap on the reverse, as ruler of Pergamon for the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. Pergamon, [[Mysia]], circa 450 BC. The name of the city ΠΕΡΓ ("PERG"), appears for the first on this coinage, and is the first evidence for the name of the city.<ref name="RD">{{cite book |last1=Dreyfus |first1=Renée |title=Pergamon: The Telephos Friez from the Great Altar; [exhibition, The Metrolopitan Museum of Art, New York, N. Y., 16 January - 14 April 1996...] |date=1996 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9780884010890 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdiF2H5C2m0C&pg=PA104 |language=en}}</ref>
MYSIA, Adramyteion. Orontes, Satrap of Mysia. Circa 357-352 BC.jpg|Coin of [[Orontes I|Orontes]], Achaemenid Satrap of [[Mysia]] (including Pergamon), Adramyteion. Circa 357-352 BC
</gallery>