Editing Peregrine falcon (section)

===Subspecies===
Numerous [[subspecies]] of ''Falco peregrinus'' have been described, with 18 accepted by the IOC World Bird List,<ref name="IOC">{{cite web | title=Seriemas, falcons – IOC World Bird List | website=IOC World Bird List – Version 14.2 | date=2024-08-17 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/falcons/ | access-date=2024-12-11}}</ref> and 19 accepted by the 1994 ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]'',<ref name=White94/><ref name=Snow1998/><ref name=Vaurie1961/> which considers the [[Barbary falcon]] of the [[Canary Islands]] and coastal [[North Africa]] to be two subspecies (''F. p. pelegrinoides'' and ''F. p. babylonicus'') of ''Falco peregrinus'', rather than a distinct species, ''F. pelegrinoides''. The following map shows the general ranges of these 19 subspecies.
[[File:PeregrineSubspeciesMap.png|700px|thumb|center|Breeding ranges of the 19 subspecies|alt=A map of the world, green shows on several continents, but there are also several big bare spots marked with E for extinct]]
[[File:FalcoPeregrinusBabylonicusGould.jpg|thumb|Illustration of the subspecies ''babylonicus'' by [[John Gould]]]]
[[File:Falco peregrinus ernesti.JPG|thumb|A juvenile of the subspecies ''ernesti'' in [[Mount Mahawu]], [[North Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]]]
[[File:Falco peregrinus nest USFWS.jpg|right|thumb|An adult of either the subspecies ''pealei'' or ''tundrius'' by its nest in [[Alaska]]]]
[[File:Peregrine Falcon, submelanogenys subspecies, Herdsman Lake near Perth, Western Austraila.jpg|right|thumb|''F. p. submelanogenys'' at Herdsman Lake, near Perth, Western Australia]]
*'''''Falco peregrinus anatum''''', described by [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] in 1838,<ref name=AOUp164/> is known as the American peregrine falcon or "duck hawk"; its scientific name means "duck peregrine falcon". At one time, it was partly included in ''[[#calidus|F. p. leucogenys]]''. It is mainly found in the [[Rocky Mountains]]. It was formerly common throughout North America between the tundra and northern [[Mexico]], where current [[reintroduction]] efforts are being made to restore the population.<ref name=AOUp164/> Most mature ''F. p. anatum'', except those that breed in more northern areas, winter in their breeding range. Most [[Vagrant birds|vagrant]]s that reach western Europe seem to belong to the more northern and strongly migratory ''[[#tundrius|F. p. tundrius]]'', only considered distinct since 1968. It is similar to the [[#nominate|nominate subspecies]] but is slightly smaller; adults are somewhat paler and less patterned below, but juveniles are darker and more patterned below. Males weigh {{convert|500|to(-)|700|g|lb|abbr=on}}, while females weigh {{convert|800|to(-)|1100|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Whiteetal2002/> It became [[local extinction|regionally extinct]] in eastern North America in the mid 20th century, and populations there now are hybrids as a result of reintroductions of birds from elsewhere.<ref name=Lehr2000/>
*'''''Falco peregrinus babylonicus''''', described by [[Philip Sclater|P.L. Sclater]] in 1861, is found in eastern [[Iran]] along the [[Hindu Kush]] and the [[Tian Shan]] to the [[Mongolian Altai]] ranges. A few birds winter in northern and northwestern India, mainly in dry semi-desert habitats.<ref name=Pande2007/> It is paler than ''F. p. pelegrinoides'' and similar to a small, pale [[lanner falcon]] (''Falco biarmicus''). Males weigh {{convert|330|to|400|g|oz}}, while females weigh {{convert|513|to|765|g|oz}}.<ref name=Snow1998/>
*'''''{{vanchor|Falco peregrinus brookei|brookei}}''''', described by [[Richard Bowdler Sharpe|Sharpe]] in 1873, is also known as the Mediterranean peregrine falcon or the Maltese falcon.{{refn|group=note|[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] levied a nominal [[Renting|rent]] of these birds on the [[Knights Hospitaller]]s when he donated the territories of [[Malta]], [[Gozo]] and [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] to them. The source of the name for [[Dashiell Hammett]]'s [[The Maltese Falcon (novel)|novel]].}} It includes ''F. p. caucasicus'' and most specimens of the proposed race ''F. p. punicus'', though others may be ''F. p. pelegrinoides'' ([[Barbary falcon]]s), or perhaps the rare hybrids between these two which might occur around [[Algeria]]. They occur from the [[Iberian Peninsula]] around the Mediterranean, except in [[arid]] regions, to the [[Caucasus]]. They are non-migratory. It is smaller than the [[#nominate|nominate subspecies]] and the underside usually has a rusty hue.<ref name=Ferguson-Lees2001/> Males weigh around {{convert|445|g|lb|abbr=on}}, while females weigh up to {{convert|920|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Snow1998/>
*'''''{{vanchor|Falco peregrinus calidus|calidus}}''''', described by [[John Latham (ornithologist)|John Latham]] in 1790, it was formerly called ''F. p. leucogenys'' and includes ''F. p. caeruleiceps''. It breeds in the [[Arctic]] tundra of Eurasia from [[Murmansk Oblast]] to roughly [[Yana River|Yana]] and [[Indigirka River]]s, [[Siberia]]. It is completely migratory and travels south in winter as far as [[South Asia]] and [[sub-Saharan Africa]]. It is often seen around wetland habitats.<ref name=Rasmussen2005/> It is paler than the [[#nominate|nominate subspecies]], especially on the crown. Males weigh {{convert|588|to(-)|740|g|lb|abbr=on}}, while females weigh {{convert|925|to(-)|1333|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Snow1998/>
*'''''Falco peregrinus cassini''''', described by Sharpe in 1873, is also known as the austral peregrine falcon. It includes ''F. p. kreyenborgi'', the pallid falcon,{{refn|group=note|Also called "Kleinschmidt's falcon", but this might equally refer to ''F. p. kleinschmidti'', which is a [[junior synonym]] of ''F. p. japonensis''.}} a [[leucistic]] colour [[Morph (zoology)|morph]] occurring in southernmost South America, which was long believed to be a distinct species.<ref name=Ellis1983/> Its range includes South America from [[Ecuador]] through [[Bolivia]], northern [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]] to [[Tierra del Fuego]] and the [[Falkland Islands]].<ref name=Ferguson-Lees2001/> It is non-migratory. It is similar to the [[#nominate|nominate subspecies]], but slightly smaller with a black ear region. The pallid falcon morph ''F. p. kreyenborgi'' is medium grey above, has little barring below and has a head pattern like the [[saker falcon]] (''Falco cherrug''), but the ear region is white.<ref name=Ellis1983/>
*'''''Falco peregrinus ernesti''''', described by Sharpe in 1894, is found from the [[Sunda Islands]] to the [[Philippines]] and south to eastern [[New Guinea]] and the nearby [[Bismarck Archipelago]]. Its geographical separation from ''[[#nesiotes|F. p. nesiotes]]'' requires confirmation. It is non-migratory. It differs from the [[#nominate|nominate subspecies]] in the very dark, dense barring on its underside and its black ear coverts.
*'''''Falco peregrinus furuitii''''', described by Momiyama in 1927, is found on the [[Izu Islands|Izu]] and [[Ogasawara Islands]] south of [[Honshū]], Japan. It is non-migratory. It is very rare and may only remain on a single island.<ref name=White94/> It is a dark form, resembling ''[[#pealei|F. p. pealei]]'' in colour, but darker, especially on the tail.<ref name=Ferguson-Lees2001/>
*'''''Falco peregrinus japonensis''''', described by [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]] in 1788, includes ''F. p. kleinschmidti'', ''F. p. pleskei'', and ''F. p. harterti'', and seems to refer to intergrades with ''[[#calidus|F. p. calidus]]''. It is found from northeast [[Siberia]] to [[Kamchatka]] (though it is possibly replaced by ''F. p. pealei'' on the coast there) and [[Japan]]. Northern populations are migratory, while those of Japan are resident. It is similar to the [[#nominate|nominate subspecies]], but the young are even darker than those of ''[[#anatum|F. p. anatum]]''.
*'''''{{vanchor|Falco peregrinus macropus|macropus}}''''', described by [[William Swainson|Swainson]] in 1837, is the Australian peregrine falcon or "black-cheeked falcon". It is found in [[Australia]] in all regions except the southwest, where replaced by ''[[#submelanogenys|F. p. submelanogenys]]''; some authorities treat the latter as a synonym of ''F. p. macropus''.<ref name="IOC"/><ref name="Simpson">{{cite book | title=Field guide to the birds of Australia | publisher=Penguin | publication-place=Camberwell, Vic | date=2010 | isbn=978-0-670-07231-6 | page=}}</ref> It is non-migratory. It is similar to ''[[#brookei|F. p. brookei]]'' in appearance, but is slightly smaller and the ear region is entirely black. The feet are proportionally large.<ref name=Ferguson-Lees2001/>
*'''''Falco peregrinus madens''''', described by [[Sidney Dillon Ripley|Ripley]] and Watson in 1963, is unusual in having some [[sexual dichromatism]]. If the Barbary falcon (see below) is considered a distinct species, it is sometimes placed therein. It is found in the [[Cape Verde Islands]] and is non-migratory;<ref name=Ferguson-Lees2001/> it is also endangered, with only six to eight pairs surviving.<ref name=White94/> Males have a rufous wash on the crown, nape, ears and back; the underside is conspicuously washed pinkish-brown. Females are tinged rich brown overall, especially on the crown and nape.<ref name=Ferguson-Lees2001/>[[File:FalcoMinorKeulemans.jpg|right|thumb|Illustration of the subspecies ''F. p. minor'' by [[John Gerrard Keulemans|Keulemans]], 1874]]
*'''''Falco peregrinus minor''''', first described by [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] in 1850. It was formerly often known as ''F. p. perconfusus''.<ref name=Vaurie1961/> It is sparsely and patchily distributed throughout much of [[sub-Saharan Africa]] and widespread in [[Southern Africa]]. It apparently reaches north along the [[Atlantic]] coast as far as [[Morocco]]. It is non-migratory and dark-coloured. This is the smallest subspecies, with smaller males weighing as little as approximately {{convert|300|g|oz|abbr=on}}.
*'''''{{vanchor|Falco peregrinus nesiotes|nesiotes}}''''', described by [[Ernst Mayr|Mayr]] in 1941,<ref name=Mayr1941/> is found in [[Fiji]] and probably also [[Vanuatu]] and [[New Caledonia]]. It is non-migratory.<ref name=Peters1979/>
*'''''{{vanchor|Falco peregrinus pealei|pealei}}''''', described by [[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]] in 1873, is [[Peale's falcon]] and includes ''F. p. rudolfi''.<ref name=AOUp165/> It is found in the [[Pacific Northwest]] of North America, northwards from [[Puget Sound]] along the [[British Columbia]] coast (including the [[Haida Gwaii]]), along the [[Gulf of Alaska]] and the [[Aleutian Islands]] to the far eastern [[Bering Sea]] coast of [[Russia]],<ref name=AOUp165/> and may also occur on the [[Kuril Islands]] and the coasts of [[Kamchatka]]. It is non-migratory. It is the largest subspecies and it looks like an oversized and darker ''[[#tundrius|tundrius]]'' or like a strongly barred and large ''[[#anatum|F. p. anatum]]''. The bill is very wide.<ref name=Proctor/> Juveniles occasionally have pale crowns. Males weigh {{convert|700|to(-)|1000|g|lb|abbr=on}}, while females weigh {{convert|1000|to(-)|1500|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Whiteetal2002/>
*'''''[[Barbary falcon|Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides]]''''', first described by [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] in 1829, is found in the [[Canary Islands]] through North Africa and the [[Near East]] to [[Mesopotamia]]. It is most similar to ''[[#brookei|F. p. brookei]]'', but is markedly paler above, with a rusty neck, and is a light buff with reduced barring below. It is smaller than the [[#nominate|nominate subspecies]]; females weigh around {{convert|610|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Snow1998/>
*'''''[[Shaheen falcon|Falco peregrinus peregrinator]]''''', described by [[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]] in 1837, is known as the Indian peregrine falcon, black shaheen, Indian shaheen{{refn|group=note|The ''shaheen'' (شاهین) of Arabic and Persian writers are usually [[Barbary falcon]]s; those in Indian (शाहीन) and Pakistani (شاہین) sources normally refer to ''F. p. peregrinator''.}} or [[shaheen falcon]].<ref name=Wijeratne2007/> It was formerly sometimes known as ''Falco atriceps'' or ''Falco shaheen''. Its range includes [[South Asia]] from across the [[Indian subcontinent]] to [[Sri Lanka]] and southeastern [[China]]. In India, the shaheen falcon is reported from all states except [[Uttar Pradesh]], mainly from rocky and hilly regions. The shaheen falcon is also reported from the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=Pande2007/> It has a clutch size of 3 to 4 eggs, with the chicks fledging time of 48 days with an average nesting success of 1.32 chicks per nest. In India, apart from nesting on cliffs, it has also been recorded as nesting on man-made structures such as buildings and cellphone transmission towers.<ref name=Pande2007/> A population estimate of 40 breeding pairs in Sri Lanka was made in 1996.<ref name=Dottlinger1999/> It is non-migratory and is small and dark, with rufous underparts. In [[Sri Lanka]] this species is found to favour the higher hills, while the migrant ''[[#calidus|calidus]]'' is more often seen along the coast.<ref name=Dottlinger2005/>
*'''''{{vanchor|Falco peregrinus peregrinus|nominate}}''''', the [[nominate]] (first-named) subspecies, described by [[Marmaduke Tunstall|Tunstall]] in 1771, breeds over much of temperate [[Eurasia]] between the [[tundra]] in the north and the [[Pyrenees]], [[Mediterranean]] region and [[Alpide belt]] in the south.<ref name=AOUp164/> It is mainly non-migratory in Europe, but [[Bird migration|migratory]] in Scandinavia and Asia. Males weigh {{convert|580|to(-)|750|g|lb|abbr=on}}, while females weigh {{convert|925|to(-)|1300|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Snow1998/> It includes ''F. p. brevirostris'', ''F. p. germanicus'', ''F. p. rhenanus'' and ''F. p. riphaeus''.
*'''''Falco peregrinus radama''''', described by [[Gustav Hartlaub|Hartlaub]] in 1861, is found in [[Madagascar]] and the [[Comoros]]. It is non-migratory.<ref name=Ferguson-Lees2001/>
*'''''{{vanchor|Falco peregrinus submelanogenys|submelanogenys}}''''', described by [[Gregory Mathews|Mathews]] in 1912, is the [[Southwest Australia (ecoregion)|Southwest Australian]] peregrine falcon. It is found in southwestern Australia and is non-migratory. Some authorities consider it a synonym of the widespread Australian subspecies ''[[#macropus|F. p. macropus]]''.<ref name="IOC"/><ref name="Simpson"/>
*'''''{{vanchor|Falco peregrinus tundrius|tundrius}}''''', described by C. M. White in 1968, was at one time included in ''F. p. leucogenys''. It is found in the Arctic tundra of [[North America]] to [[Greenland]], and migrates to wintering grounds in [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]].<ref name=Proctor/> Most [[Vagrant birds|vagrant]]s that reach western Europe belong to this subspecies, which was previously considered synonymous with ''[[#anatum|F. p. anatum]]''. It is the New World equivalent to ''[[#calidus|F. p. calidus]]''. It is smaller and paler than ''F. p. anatum''; most have a conspicuous white forehead and white in ear region, but the crown and "moustache" are very dark, unlike in ''F. p. calidus''.<ref name=Proctor/> Juveniles are browner and less grey than in ''F. p. calidus'' and paler, sometimes almost sandy, than in ''F. p. anatum''. Males weigh {{convert|500|to(-)|700|g|lb|abbr=on}}, while females weigh {{convert|800|to(-)|1100|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Whiteetal2002/> Despite its current recognition as a valid subspecies, a population genetic study of both pre-decline (i.e., museum) and recovered contemporary populations failed to distinguish ''F. p. anatum'' and ''F. p. tundrius'' genetically.<ref name=Brownetal2007/>