Editing Peanut (section)

== History ==
The ''Arachis'' genus is native to [[South America]], east of the [[Andes]], around [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]], [[Argentina]], and [[Brazil]].<ref name="Seijo-2007" /> Cultivated peanuts (''A. hypogaea'') arose from a [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] between two wild species of peanut, thought to be ''[[Arachis duranensis|A. duranensis]]'' and ''[[Arachis ipaensis|A. ipaensis]]''.<ref name="Seijo-2007" /><ref name="Kochert-1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=A study of the relationships of cultivated peanut (''Arachis hypogaea'') and its most closely related wild species using intron sequences and microsatellite markers |url= |journal=Annals of Botany |date= January 1, 2013 |issn=0305-7364 |pmc= 3523650 |pmid=23131301 |pages= 113–126 |volume=111 |issue=1 |doi= 10.1093/aob/mcs237 |first1=Márcio C. |last1=Moretzsohn |first2=Ediene G. |last2=Gouvea |first3=Peter W. |last3= Inglis |first4=Soraya C.M. |last4=Leal-Bertioli |first5=José F.M. |last5=Valls |first6=David J. |last6=Bertioli | display-authors= 3}}</ref> The initial hybrid would have been sterile, but spontaneous [[chromosome]] doubling restored its fertility, forming what is termed an [[amphidiploid]] or [[allotetraploid]].<ref name="Seijo-2007"/> Genetic analysis suggests the hybridization may have occurred only once and gave rise to ''[[Arachis monticola|A. monticola]]'', a wild form of peanut that occurs in a few limited locations in northwestern Argentina, or in southeastern Bolivia, where the peanut [[landrace]]s with the most wild-like features are grown today,<ref name="Krapovickas-2007">{{cite journal |url= http://ibone.unne.edu.ar/objetos/uploads/documentos/bonplandia/public/16_0/1_205.pdf |title=Taxonomy of the genus ''Arachis'' (Leguminosae) |last1= Krapovickas |first1=Antonio |date=2007 |journal=IBONE |volume=16 (Supl.) |pages=1–205 |first2=Walton C. |last2= Gregory | translator=David E. Williams and Charles E. Simpson |access-date= September 13, 2016 |archive-date= March 4, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060107/http://ibone.unne.edu.ar/objetos/uploads/documentos/bonplandia/public/16_0/1_205.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and by [[artificial selection]] to ''A. hypogaea''.<ref name="Seijo-2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.12.1963 |volume=94 |issue=12 |pages=1963–1971 |last1=Seijo |first1=Guillermo | first2=Graciela I. | last2= Lavia | first3 =Aveliano | last3= Fernandez |author4= Antonio Krapovickas |author5=Daniel A. Ducasse |author6=David J. Bertioli |author7=Eduardo A. Moscone |display-authors= 3 |title= Genomic relationships between the cultivated peanut (''Arachis hypogaea'', Leguminosae) and its close relatives revealed by double GISH |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |date=December 1, 2007 |pmid= 21636391|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/36879 |hdl-access=free |issn=0002-9122}}</ref><ref name="Kochert-1996">{{cite journal |title=RFLP and Cytogenetic Evidence on the Origin and Evolution of Allotetraploid Domesticated Peanut, ''Arachis hypogaea'' (Leguminosae) |jstor= 2446112 |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=October 1, 1996 |pages= 1282–1291 |volume=83 |issue=10 |doi=10.2307/2446112 |first1=Gary |last1=Kochert |first2=H. Thomas |last2=Stalker |first3=Marcos |last3=Gimenes |first4=Leticia |last4=Galgaro |first5=Catalina Romero |last5=Lopes |first6=Kim |last6=Moore| display-authors= 3}}</ref>

The process of domestication through artificial selection made ''A. hypogaea'' dramatically different from its wild relatives. The domesticated plants are bushier, more compact, and have a different pod structure and larger seeds. From this primary [[center of origin]], cultivation spread and formed secondary and tertiary [[center of diversity|centers of diversity]] in Peru, [[Ecuador]], Brazil, [[Paraguay]], and [[Uruguay]]. Over time, thousands of peanut landraces evolved; these are classified into six botanical varieties and two subspecies (as listed in the peanut scientific classification table). Subspecies ''A. h. fastigiata'' types are more upright in their growth habit and have shorter crop cycles. Subspecies ''A. h. hypogaea'' types spread more on the ground and have longer crop cycles.<ref name="Krapovickas-2007" />

The oldest known [[archaeology|archeological]] remains of pods have been dated at about 7,600 years old, possibly a wild species that was in cultivation, or ''A. hypogaea'' in the early phase of domestication.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/vu-eeo062507.php |title= Earliest-known evidence of peanut, cotton and squash farming found |access-date= June 29, 2007 |website= eurekalert.org |last= Dillehay |first= Tom D. |archive-date= September 11, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070911192923/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/vu-eeo062507.php |url-status= dead }}</ref> They were found in Peru, where dry climatic conditions are favorable for the preservation of organic material. Almost certainly, peanut cultivation antedated this at the center of origin where the climate is moister. Many [[pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] cultures, such as the [[Moche (culture)|Moche]], depicted peanuts in their art.<ref>Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the [[Larco Museum|Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera]].'' New York: [[Thames & Hudson]], 1997.</ref> Cultivation was well-established in [[Mesoamerica]] before the Spanish arrived. There, the [[conquistador]]s found the {{wikt-lang|nci|tlālcacahuatl}} (the plant's [[Nahuatl]] name, hence the name in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''cacahuate'') offered for sale in the marketplace of [[Tenochtitlan]]. Its cultivation was introduced in Europe in the 19th century through Spain, particularly [[Valencia]], where it is still produced, albeit marginally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polo |first=Claudia |date=2023-11-21 |title=El 'cacau del collaret', el cacahuete valenciano al borde de la extinción |url=https://elpais.com/gastronomia/2023-11-21/el-cacau-del-collaret-el-cacahuete-valenciano-al-borde-de-la-extincion.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=El País |language=es}}</ref> European traders later spread the peanut worldwide, and cultivation is now widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. In [[West Africa]], it substantially replaced a crop plant from the same family, the [[Vigna subterranea|Bambara groundnut]], whose seed pods also develop underground.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carney |first1=Judith |title=In the Shadow of Slavery Africa's Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520949539 |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-eS3OUQsekC&q=peanut}}</ref> In Asia, it became an agricultural mainstay, and this region is now the largest producer in the world.<ref name="FAOSTAT-2020" />

Peanuts were introduced to the US during the [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial period]] and grown as a garden crop.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida |first=B. |last=Romans |author-link=Bernard Romans |location=New York |publisher=Printed for the author |year=1775 |page=[https://archive.org/details/concisenaturalhi00roma/page/130/mode/2up 131] |language=en |oclc=745317190}}</ref><ref name=putnam/> Starting in 1870, they were used as an [[animal feed]]stock until human consumption grew in the 1930s.<!--but there are PB&J recipes from 1900-1910--><ref name="putnam">Putnam, D.H., et al. (1991) [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/peanut.html Peanut] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810173649/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/peanut.html |date=August 10, 2006 }}. University of Wisconsin-Extension Cooperative Extension: Alternative Field Crops Manual.</ref> [[George Washington Carver]] (1864–1943) championed the peanut as part of his efforts for agricultural extension in the American South, where soils were depleted after repeated plantings of cotton. He invented and promulgated hundreds of peanut-based products, including cosmetics, paints, plastics, gasoline and nitroglycerin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McMurry |first=Linda O. |title=George Washington Carver: scientist and symbol |date=1982 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-503205-5 |edition=1. issued as an Oxford Univ. Pr. paperback |series=Galaxy books |location=New York}}</ref>

[[Peanut butter]] was first manufactured in Canada via an 1884 US patent by [[Marcellus Gilmore Edson]] of [[Montreal]].<ref name="edson">{{cite web|url=http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00306727&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO2%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsearch-bool.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526co1%3DAND%2526d%3DPALL%2526s1%3D0306727.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0306727%2526RS%3DPN%2F0306727&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page|title=Manufacture of peanut candy, US Patent #306727|publisher=US Patent Office|date=October 21, 1884|access-date=May 8, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405145402/http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00306727&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO2%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsearch-bool.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526co1%3DAND%2526d%3DPALL%2526s1%3D0306727.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0306727%2526RS%3DPN%2F0306727&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page|archive-date=April 5, 2017}}</ref> Peanut butter became well known in the United States after the [[Beech-Nut]] company began selling it at the [[St. Louis World's Fair]] in 1904.<ref name="Michaud-2012">{{cite web |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-chunky-history-of-peanut-butter |title=A chunky history of peanut butter |last=Michaud |first=Jon |date=November 28, 2012 |website= newyorker.com |publisher=New Yorker |access-date=May 9, 2017 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170331194928/http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/a-chunky-history-of-peanut-butter |archive-date=March 31, 2017}}</ref> The [[US Department of Agriculture]] initiated a program to encourage agricultural production and human consumption of peanuts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name=putnam/>