Editing Peace of Westphalia (section)

==Delegations==

[[File:Sebastian Dadler Original Medal N.D. (1648), Christina of Sweden, Peace of Westphalia. Obverse.jpg|thumb|[[:de:Sebastian Dadler|Sebastian Dadler]] undated [[medal]] (1648), [[Christina of Sweden]], portrait with feathered helmet right. Obverse]]
[[File:Sebastian Dadler Original Medal N.D. (1648), Christina of Sweden, Peace of Westphalia. Reverse.jpg|thumb|The reverse of this medal: Christina of Sweden as [[Minerva]] holding an olive branch in her left arm and grasping the [[Tree of the knowledge of good and evil|tree of knowledge]] with her right hand.]]
[[File:Fredsfördraget i Osnabrück 24 oktober 1648 - Westfaliska freden.tif|thumb|Peace treaty of Osnabrück, October 24, 1648]]

The peace negotiations had no exact beginning or end, because the 109 delegations never met in a plenary session. Instead, various delegations arrived between 1643 and 1646 and left between 1647 and 1649. The largest number of diplomats were present between January 1646 and July 1647.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cobban |first=Helena |date=8 May 2021 |title=1648: Peace of Westphalia sets inter-state rules for >370 years |url=https://justworldnews.org/2021/05/08/1648-peace-of-westphalia-sets-inter-state-rules-for-370-years-etc/ |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=Just World News |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026180711/https://justworldnews.org/2021/05/08/1648-peace-of-westphalia-sets-inter-state-rules-for-370-years-etc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Delegations had been sent by 16 European states, 66 [[Imperial Estate|Imperial States]] representing the interests of 140 Imperial States, and 27 interest groups representing 38 groups.<ref>Konrad Repgen, "Negotiating the Peace of Westphalia: A Survey with an Examination of the Major Problems", In: ''1648: War and Peace in Europe'': 3 vols. (Catalogue of the 26th exhibition of the Council of Europe, on the Peace of Westphalia), Klaus Bußmann and Heinz Schilling (eds.) on behalf of the Veranstaltungsgesellschaft 350 Jahre Westfälischer Friede, Münster and Osnabrück: no publ., 1998, 'Essay Volume 1: Politics, Religion, Law and Society', pp. 355–372, here p. 356.</ref>
* The French delegation was headed by [[Henri II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville]] and further comprised the diplomats [[Claude d'Avaux]] and [[Abel Servien]].
* The Swedish delegation was headed by [[Johan Oxenstierna|Count Johan Oxenstierna]] and was assisted by [[Johan Adler Salvius|Baron Johan Adler Salvius]].
* The Imperial delegation was headed by [[Count Maximilian von Trautmansdorff]]. His aides were:
** In Münster, [[Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar]] and Isaak Volmar.
** In Osnabrück, [[Johann Maximilian von Lamberg]] and {{lang|de|[[Reichshofrat]]}} Johann Krane.
* [[Philip IV of Spain]] was represented by two delegations:
** The Spanish delegation was headed by [[Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán]], and notably included the diplomats and writers [[Diego de Saavedra Fajardo]], and [[Bernardino de Rebolledo]].
** The [[Franche-Comté]] and the [[Spanish Netherlands]] were represented by [[Joseph de Bergaigne]] (who died before peace was concluded) and [[Antoine Brun]].
* The [[papal nuncio]] in [[Cologne]], [[Pope Alexander VII|Fabio Chigi]], and the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] envoy, [[Alvise Contarini (diplomat)|Alvise Contarini]], acted as mediators.
* Various [[Imperial Estate]]s of the Holy Roman Empire also sent delegations; among these {{ill|Johann Ernst Pistoris|de}} represented the [[Electorate of Saxony]], {{ill|Johann VIII zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Wittgenstein|de|Johann VIII. (Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein)}} the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]], and {{ill|Georg Christoph von Haslang|de}} the [[Electorate of Bavaria]]. Important Protestant envoys were {{ill|Wolfgang Conrad von Thumbshirn|de}} for [[Saxe-Altenburg]] and {{ill|Jakob Lampadius|de}} for [[Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Brunswick-Lüneburg]]. The Catholic estates were divided between those willing to compromise like [[Electorate of Mainz|Mainz]] represented by [[Hugo Eberhard Kratz von Scharfenstein]], and Catholic hardliners like [[Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg]] for the [[Electorate of Cologne]].
* The [[Dutch Republic]] sent a delegation of six, including two delegates from the province of Holland, including [[Adriaan Pauw]], and [[Willem Ripperda]] from the province of Overijssel;<ref>{{cite book|title=Mazarin's Quest: The Congress of Westphalia and the Coming of the Fronde|first=Paul|last=Sonnino|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eu8Lb7ZuayEC&q=Clant+Ripperda+Pauw&pg=PA119|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-674-04386-2|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116145851/https://books.google.com/books?id=eu8Lb7ZuayEC&q=Clant+Ripperda+Pauw&pg=PA119|url-status=live}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2020}} two provinces were absent.
* The [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss Confederacy]] was represented by [[Johann Rudolf Wettstein]].