Editing Peace of Utrecht (section)

==Principal provisions==
[[File:Europe 1714.png|thumb|right|Western Europe in 1714, after the Treaties of Utrecht and [[Treaty of Rastatt]]]]
The Peace confirmed the Bourbon candidate as [[Philip V of Spain]] to remain as king. In return, Philip renounced the French throne, both for himself and his descendants, with reciprocal renunciations by French Bourbons to the Spanish throne, including Louis XIV's nephew [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe of Orléans]]. These became increasingly important after a series of deaths between 1712 and 1714 left the five year old [[Louis XV]] as his great-grandfather's heir.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Somerset |first1=Anne |title=Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion |date=2012 |publisher=Harper Press |isbn=9780007203765|page=470}}</ref>

Great Britain was the main beneficiary; Utrecht marked the point at which it became the primary European commercial power.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pincus |first1=Steven |title=Rethinking Mercantilism: Political Economy, The British Empire and the Atlantic World in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Warwick University |pages=7–8|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/ren/projects/archive/newberry/collaborativeprogramme/ren-earlymod-communities/britishandamericanhistories/25march/session3reading/rethinkingmercantilism.pdf |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> In Article X, Spain ceded the strategic ports of [[Gibraltar]] and [[Menorca]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Peace_and_Friendship_Treaty_of_Utrecht_between_Spain_and_Great_Britain |pages=Articles X and XI |date=July 1713 |author1=Anne, Queen of Great Britain |author2=King Philip V of Spain }}</ref>

In a major coup for the British delegation, the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] emerged from the treaty with the ''[[Asiento de Negros]]'', which referred to the monopoly contract granted by the [[Government of Spain|Spanish government]] to other European nations to supply slaves to [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spain's colonies in the Americas]]. The ''Asiento de Negros'' had come about due to the fact that the [[Spanish Empire]] rarely engaged in the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]] itself, preferring to outsource this to foreign merchants. [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] France had previously held the ''Asiento de Negros'', allowing French slave traders to supply 5,000 slaves to the Spanish Empire each year; France had gained control over this contract after Philip V had become King of Spain. After the British government gained access to the ''Asiento de Negros'', the economic prominence held by Dutch [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardic Jewish]] slaveowners began to fade, while the [[South Sea Company]] was established in hopes of gaining exclusive access to the contract. The British government sought to reduce its debt by increasing the volume of trade it had with Spain, which required gaining access to the ''Asiento de Negros''; as historian [[G.M. Trevelyan]] noted: "The finances of the country were based in May 1711 on the assumption that the Asiento, or monopoly of the slave trade with Spanish America, would be wrested from France as an integral part of the terms of peace". Following the passage of the treaty, the British government gained a thirty-year access to the ''Asiento de Negros''.<ref>Drescher: JANCAST (p. 451): "Jewish mercantile influence in the politics of the Atlantic slave trade probably reached its peak in the opening years of the eighteenth century ... the political and the economic prospects of Dutch Sephardic [Jewish] capitalists rapidly faded, however, when the British emerged with the asiento [permission to sell slaves in Spanish possessions] at the Peace of Utrecht in 1713".</ref><ref>''England Under Queen Anne'' Vol III, by G. M. Trevelyan, p. 123</ref><ref>''Africa, Its Geography, People, and Products'', by W. E. B. Du Bois {{page?|date=April 2024}}</ref><ref>''Slavery and Augustan Literature'' {{page?|date=April 2024}}</ref><ref>''Capitalism and Slavery'', p. 40</ref><ref>''A History of Colonial America'' by Oliver Perry Chitwood, p. 345</ref>

The importance placed by British negotiators on commercial interests was demonstrated by their demand for France to "level the fortifications of [[Dunkirk]], block up the port and demolish the sluices that scour the harbour, [which] shall never be reconstructed".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=John Robert |title=Defoe, Steele, and the Demolition of Dunkirk |journal=Huntington Library Quarterly |date=1950 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=279–302 |doi=10.2307/3816138|jstor=3816138 }}</ref> This was because Dunkirk was the primary base for French [[privateer]]s, as it was possible to reach the North Sea in a single tide and escape British patrols in the English Channel.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bromley |first1=J. S. |title=Corsairs and Navies 1600–1760 |date=1987 |publisher=Continnuum-3PL |isbn=9780907628774 |page=233}}</ref>

[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|left|North America {{circa|1750}}, some French forts listed were not built until thirty years after 1713]]
Under Article XIII and, despite the British demands to preserve [[Catalan constitutions|Catalan constitutions and rights]] in return for Catalonia's support for the Allies during the war, Spain only agreed to grant an amnesty to [[Hapsburg supporters]], thus implying the imposition of the laws and institutions of Castile to the [[Principality of Catalonia]], as it already happened in 1707 to the other occupied kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Albareda Salvadó |first1=Joaquim |title=La Guerra de Sucesión en España (1700–1714) |date=2010 |publisher=Ed. Crítica |isbn=978-84-9892-060-4 |page=344}}</ref> Spanish territories in Italy and [[Flanders]] were divided, with [[Duchy of Savoy|Savoy]] receiving [[Sicily]] and parts of the [[Duchy of Milan]]. The former [[Spanish Netherlands]], the [[Kingdom of Naples]], [[Sardinia]], and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan went to [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles VI]]. 

In South America, Spain returned [[Colónia do Sacramento]] in modern Uruguay to Portugal and recognised Portuguese sovereignty over the lands between the Amazon and [[Oyapock]] rivers, now in [[Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campos |first=Luciano Rodrigues |date=21 April 2007 |title=O Arbitramento No Amapá |url=http://www.webartigos.com/articles/4873/1/o-arbitramento-no-amapa/pagina1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622143446/http://www.webartigos.com/articles/4873/1/o-arbitramento-no-amapa/pagina1.html |archive-date=22 June 2008}}</ref> The British agreed to prevent their citizens from visiting Spanish colonies in America without prior approval from colonial officials.

In North America, France recognised British [[suzerainty]] over the [[Iroquois]], and ceded [[Nova Scotia]] and its claims to [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and territories in [[Rupert's Land]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/acollectiontrea00britgoog|title=A Collection of Treaties Between Great Britain and Other Powers|first=Great Britain|last=George Chalmers |date=24 January 1790|publisher=Printed for J. Stockdale|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The French portion of [[Saint Kitts]] in the [[West Indies]] was also ceded in its entirety to Britain.<ref name="auto"/> France retained its other pre-war North American possessions, including [[Cape Breton Island]], where it built the [[Fortress of Louisbourg]], then the most expensive military installation in North America.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Royle |first1=Trevor |title=Culloden; Scotland's Last Battle and the Forging of the British Empire|date=2016 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=9781408704011|page=148}}</ref>

The successful French [[Rhine campaign (1713)|Rhineland campaign of 1713]] finally induced Charles to sign the 1714 treaties of [[Treaty of Rastatt|Rastatt]] and [[Treaty of Baden (1714)|Baden]], although terms were not agreed with Spain until the [[Treaty of The Hague (1720)|1720 Treaty of The Hague]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/treaties-of-Utrecht |title=Treaties of Utrecht – European history |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=4 April 2024 }}</ref>