Editing Peace (section)

==Organizations and prizes==

=== United Nations ===
{{Main|United Nations}}
{{See also|List of United Nations peacekeeping missions}}
[[File:UNpeacekeeping.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|[[List of United Nations peacekeeping missions|United Nations peacekeeping missions]]. Dark blue regions indicate current missions, while light blue regions represent former missions.]]
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieving world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue.

After authorization by the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]], the UN sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. The forces, also called the "Blue Helmets", who enforce UN accords are awarded [[United Nations Medal]]s, which are considered [[international decoration]]s instead of military decorations. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1988.

===Police===

{{Main|Police}}
	
The obligation of the state to provide for domestic peace within its borders is usually charged to the police and other general domestic policing activities. The police are a constituted body of [[Law enforcement officer|persons]] empowered by a [[State (polity)|state]] to [[law enforcement|enforce the law]], to protect the lives, liberty and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder.<ref>{{cite web|title =The Role and Responsibilities of the Police|publisher =Policy Studies Institute|url =http://www.psi.org.uk/publications/archivepdfs/Role%20pol/INDPOL-0.P.pdf|access-date =22 December 2009|page =xii|archive-date =29 August 2017|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170829011701/http://www.psi.org.uk/publications/archivepdfs/Role%20pol/INDPOL-0.P.pdf|url-status =usurped}}</ref> Their powers include the power of arrest and the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with the police forces of a [[sovereign state]] that are authorized to exercise the [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|police power]] of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from the military and other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, [[gendarmerie]] are military units charged with civil policing.<ref name="Lioe">{{cite book | first = Kim Eduard| last = Lioe| title = Armed Forces in Law Enforcement Operations? – The German and European Perspective|edition= 1989|pages= 52–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg| isbn= 978-3-642-15433-1| date = 3 December 2010}}</ref> Police forces are usually public sector services, funded through taxes.

===National security===
{{Main|National security}}
The national security apparatus of a nation is responsible for providing peace and security against foreign threats and aggression. National security can be threatened by a range of factors, including actions by other states (such as military or cyber attacks), violent non-state actors (such as terrorist attacks), organized criminal groups (such as narcotic cartels), and natural disasters (such as floods and earthquakes).<ref name="Romm 1993">{{Cite book|title=Defining national security: the nonmilitary aspects |last=Romm |first=Joseph J.|author-link=Joseph J. Romm |year=1993 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |series=Pew Project on America's Task in a Changed World (Pew Project Series) |isbn=978-0-87609-135-7 |pages=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shxDOnuVcyYC |access-date=22 September 2010 <!-- (full view) -->}}</ref>{{rp|v, 1–8}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Losing control : global security in the twenty-first century|last=Rogers|first=P|date=2010|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9780745329376|edition=3rd|location=London|oclc=658007519}}</ref> Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be transnational, include [[economic inequality]] and marginalisation, [[Social exclusion|political exclusion]], [[climate change]], and [[nuclear proliferation]].<ref name=":0" /> In view of the wide range of risks, the preservation of peace and the security of a nation state have several dimensions, including economic security, energy security, physical security, environmental security, food security, border security, and cyber security. These dimensions correlate closely with elements of national power.

===League of Nations===
The principal forerunner of the United Nations was the [[League of Nations]]. It was created at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference of 1919]], and emerged from the advocacy of [[Woodrow Wilson]] and other idealists during World War I. The Covenant of the League of Nations was included in the [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1919, and the League was based in [[Geneva]] until its dissolution as a result of World War II and replacement by the United Nations. The high hopes widely held for the League in the 1920s, for example amongst members of the [[League of Nations Union]], gave way to widespread disillusion in the 1930s as the League struggled to respond to challenges from Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan.

The prominent scholar, [[Alfred Eckhard Zimmern|Sir Alfred Eckhard Zimmern]], who is widely regarded as one of the most influential intellectuals of the League of Nations, drew inspiration for his studies from the classics, along with other British scholars such as Gilbert Murray and Florence Stawell. This group of scholars is often referred to as the "Greece and peace" set, due to their shared interest in ancient Greek civilization and the promotion of peace.

The creation of the League of Nations, and the hope for informed public opinion on international issues (expressed for example by the [[Union for Democratic Control]] during World War I), also saw the creation after World War I of bodies dedicated to understanding international affairs, such as the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] in New York and the [[Royal Institute of International Affairs]] at [[Chatham House]] in London. At the same time, the academic study of international relations started to professionalise, with the creation of the first professorship of international politics, named for Woodrow Wilson, at [[Aberystwyth]], Wales, in 1919.

===Olympic Games===
The late 19th century idealist advocacy of peace which led to the creation of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], the [[Rhodes Scholarships]], the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]], and ultimately the [[League of Nations]], also saw the re-emergence of the ancient Olympic ideal. Led by [[Pierre de Coubertin]], this culminated in the holding in 1896 of the first of the modern [[Olympic Games]].

===Nobel Peace Prize===
{{Main|Nobel Peace Prize}}
[[File:Jean Henri Dunant.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Henry Dunant]] was awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize for his role in founding the [[International Red Cross]].]]
Since 1901, the Nobel Peace Prize has been the world's most prestigious honor given to individuals or organizations who have made significant contributions to peace. The prize is awarded by the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]], a group of five individuals chosen by the Norwegian parliament. Nominees for the prize come from around the world, and are often those who have worked to end conflict, protect human rights, or promote humanitarian efforts. It is awarded annually to internationally notable persons following the prize's creation in the will of [[Alfred Nobel]]. According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "...shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/short_testamente.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |title=Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026033111/http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/short_testamente.html |archive-date=26 October 2007 }}</ref>

===Rhodes, Fulbright and Schwarzman scholarships===
In creating the [[Rhodes Scholarships]] for outstanding students from the United States, Germany and much of the British Empire, [[Cecil Rhodes]] wrote in 1901 that 'the object is that an understanding between the three great powers will render war impossible and educational relations make the strongest tie'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://files.rhodes.gethifi.com/Ottawa_September_2011_To_render_war_impossible.pdf |title=To 'render war impossible': the Rhodes Scholarships, educational relations between countries, and peace |access-date=9 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609195112/http://files.rhodes.gethifi.com/Ottawa_September_2011_To_render_war_impossible.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2013  }}</ref> This peace purpose of the Rhodes Scholarships was very prominent in the first half of the 20th century, and became prominent again in recent years under Warden of the Rhodes House [[Donald Markwell]],<ref>[http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/cecil-rhodess-vision-of-peace-highlighted Cecil Rhodes's goal of Scholarships promoting peace highlighted – The Rhodes Scholarships] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922131706/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/cecil-rhodess-vision-of-peace-highlighted |date=22 September 2013 }}. Various materials on peace by Warden of the [[Rhodes House]] [[Donald Markwell]] in Markwell, ''"Instincts to Lead": On Leadership, Peace, and Education''. Connor Court, 2013.</ref> a historian of thought about the causes of war and peace.<ref>E.g., [[Donald Markwell]], ''[[John Maynard Keynes]] and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.</ref> This vision greatly influenced Senator [[J. William Fulbright]] in the goal of the Fulbright fellowships to promote international understanding and peace, and has guided many other international fellowship programs,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/news/Fulbright_18May12_Arndt.pdf | title=The Decade Ahead: The US Role in the World | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922110514/http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/news/Fulbright_18May12_Arndt.pdf | archive-date=22 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/honouring-j-william-fulbright |title=Honouring J. William Fulbright - the Rhodes Scholarships |access-date=26 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922150243/http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/news/honouring-j-william-fulbright |archive-date=22 September 2013  }}</ref> including the [[Schwarzman Scholars]] to China created by [[Stephen A. Schwarzman]] in 2013.<ref>See, e.g., "The Rhodes Scholarships of China" in [[Donald Markwell]], ''"Instincts to Lead": On Leadership, Peace, and Education'', Connor Court, 2013.</ref>

===Gandhi Peace Prize===
{{main|Gandhi Peace Prize}}
[[File:Mohandas K. Gandhi, portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]]]
The International Gandhi Peace Prize, named after [[Mahatma Gandhi]], is awarded annually by the [[Government of India]]. It was launched as a tribute to the ideals espoused by Gandhi in 1995 on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of his birth. This is an annual award given to individuals and institutions for their contributions towards social, economic and political transformation through non-violence and other Gandhian methods. The award carries Rs. 10 million in cash, convertible in any currency in the world, a plaque and a citation. It is open to all persons regardless of nationality, race, creed or sex.

===Student Peace Prize===
{{Main|Student Peace Prize}}
The [[Student Peace Prize]] is awarded biennially to a student or a student organization that has made a significant contribution to promoting peace and human rights.

===Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize===
{{Main|Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize}}
The [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize]], is awarded annually "in recognition of an individual's or an organisation's contribution for the advancement of the cause of peace". The prize was first launched in 2009 by the [[Ahmadiyya]] Muslim Peace Prize Committee under the directive of the [[Khalifatul Masih|caliph]] of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, [[Mirza Masroor Ahmad]].

===Culture of Peace News Network===
{{Main|Culture of Peace News Network}}
The [[Culture of Peace News Network]], otherwise known simply as [[CPNN]], is a [[UN]] authorized interactive online news network, committed to supporting the global movement for a culture of peace.

[[File:Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg|thumb|[[Rainbows]] are often used as a symbol of harmony and peace.]]

===Sydney Peace Prize===
Every year in the first week of November, the Sydney Peace Foundation presents the [[Sydney Peace Prize]]. The Sydney Peace Prize is awarded to an organization or an individual whose life and work has demonstrated significant contributions to:<br />
The achievement of peace with justice locally, nationally or internationally<br />
The promotion and attainment of human rights<br />
The philosophy, language and practice of non-violence

===Museums===
{{See also|Peace museums}}
A peace museum is a museum that documents historical peace initiatives. Many provide advocacy programs for nonviolent conflict resolution. This may include conflicts at the personal, regional or international level.

Smaller institutions include the [[Randolph Bourne Institute]], the McGill Middle East Program of Civil Society and Peace Building and the [[International Festival of Peace Poetry]].