Editing Paradigm (section)

==Paradigm shifts==
{{Main|Paradigm shift}}
In ''The Structure of Scientific Revolutions'', Kuhn wrote that "the successive transition from one paradigm to another via revolution is the usual developmental pattern of mature science" (p.&nbsp;12).

Paradigm shifts tend to appear in response to the accumulation of critical anomalies as well as in the form of the proposal of a new theory with the power to encompass both older relevant data and explain relevant anomalies. New paradigms tend to be most dramatic in sciences that appear to be stable and mature, as in [[physics]] at the end of the 19th century. At that time, a statement generally attributed to physicist [[Lord Kelvin]] famously claimed, "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement."<ref>The attribution of this statement to Lord Kelvin is given in a number of sources, but without citation. It is reputed to be Kelvin's remark made in an address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900. See the article on [[Lord Kelvin]] for additional details and references.</ref> Five years later, [[Albert Einstein]] published his paper on [[special relativity]], which challenged the set of rules laid down by [[Classical mechanics|Newtonian mechanics]], which had been used to describe force and motion for over two hundred years. In this case, the new paradigm reduces the old to a special case in the sense that Newtonian mechanics is still a good model for approximation for speeds that are slow compared to the [[speed of light]]. Many philosophers and historians of science, including Kuhn himself, ultimately accepted a modified version of Kuhn's model, which synthesizes his original view with the gradualist model that preceded it. Kuhn's original model is now generally seen as too limited.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

Some examples of contemporary paradigm shifts include:
* In medicine, the transition from "clinical judgment" to [[evidence-based medicine]]
* In social psychology, the transition from [[p-hacking]] to replication<ref>{{cite web|last1=Resnick|first1=Brian|title=What psychology's crisis means for the future of science|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/3/14/11219446/psychology-replication-crisis|website=Vox|date=2016-03-14}}</ref>
* In software engineering, the transition from the Rational Paradigm to the Empirical Paradigm<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ralph|first1=Paul|title=The two paradigms of software development research|journal=Science of Computer Programming|date=January 2018|volume=156|pages=68–89|doi=10.1016/j.scico.2018.01.002|doi-access=}}</ref>
* In artificial intelligence, the transition from classical AI to data-driven AI<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cristianini|first1=Nello|title=On the Current Paradigm in Artificial Intelligence|journal=AI Communications|date=2014|volume=27|issue=1|pages=37–43|doi=10.3233/AIC-130582}}</ref>

Kuhn's idea was, itself, revolutionary in its time. It caused a major change in the way that academics talk about science; and, so, it may be that it caused (or was part of) a "paradigm shift" in the history and sociology of science. However, Kuhn would not recognize such a paradigm shift. Being in the social sciences, people can still use earlier ideas to discuss the history of science.
{{Further|Violation paradigm}}

===Paradigm paralysis{{anchor|Paradigm Paralysis}}===
Perhaps the greatest barrier to a paradigm shift, in some cases, is the reality of ''paradigm paralysis'': the inability or refusal to see beyond the current models of thinking.<ref>[http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster/Infostuttering/Paradigmparalysis.html Do you suffer from paradigm paralysis?]</ref> This is similar to what psychologists term [[confirmation bias]] and the [[Semmelweis reflex]]. Examples include rejection of [[Aristarchus of Samos|Aristarchus of Samos']], [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]]', and [[Galileo]]'s theory of a [[heliocentric]] solar system, the discovery of [[electrostatic]] [[photography]], [[xerography]] and the [[quartz clock]].{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}