Editing Panopticon (section)

== Architecture of other institutions ==
[[File:Bentham industry-house 1812.png|thumb|right|Bentham's 1812 ''industry-house'' for 2000 persons]]
[[Jeremy Bentham]]'s panopticon architecture was not original, as [[Rotunda (architecture)|rotundas]] had been used before, as for example in industrial buildings. However, Bentham turned the rotund architecture into a structure with a societal function, so that humans themselves became the object of control.<ref name="vessella">{{cite book |title=Open Prison Architecture: Design Criteria for a New Prison Typology |author= Luigi Vessella |year=2017 |publisher=WITPress |isbn=9781784662479 |page=10 }}</ref> The idea for a panopticon had been prompted by his brother [[Samuel Bentham]]'s work in Russia and had been inspired by existing architectural traditions. Samuel Bentham had studied at the [[Ecole Militaire]] in 1751, and at about 1773 the prominent French architect [[Claude-Nicolas Ledoux]] had finished his designs for the [[Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Rethinking Art History: Meditations on a Coy Science |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingarthis00prez |url-access=registration |author= Donald Preziosi|year=1989 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn= 9780300049831 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rethinkingarthis00prez/page/65 65-66] }}</ref> [[William Strutt (inventor)|William Strutt]] in cooperation with his friend Jeremy Bentham built a round mill in [[Belper]], so that one supervisor could oversee an entire [[shop floor]] from the centre of the round mill. The mill was built between 1803 and 1813 and was used for production until the late 19th century. It was demolished in 1959.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Belper From Old Photographs|author=Adrian Farmer|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |year=2013|isbn=9781445619620|pages=155}}</ref> In Bentham's 1812 writing ''Pauper management improved: particularly by means of an application of the Panopticon principle of construction'', he included a building for an "industry-house establishment" that could hold 2000 persons.<ref>{{cite book |title=Architecture and Justice: Judicial Meanings in the Public Realm |author= Jonathan Simon |year=1989 |publisher=Routledge |isbn= 9781317179382 |page=44 }}</ref> In 1812 Samuel Bentham, who had by then risen to brigadier-general, tried to persuade the [[British Admiralty]] to construct an [[arsenal]] panopticon in Kent. Before returning home to London he had constructed a panopticon in 1807, near [[St Petersburg]], which served as a training centre for young men wishing to work in naval manufacturing.<ref>{{cite book | author = Gillian Darley |title=Factory | url = https://archive.org/details/factoryobjekt00darl | url-access = limited |year=2003 |publisher= Reaktion Books |isbn= 9781861891556 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/factoryobjekt00darl/page/n55 54]}}</ref> The panopticon, Bentham writes:

{{quote |will be found applicable, I think, without exception to all establishments whatsoever, in which within a space not too large to be covered or commanded by buildings, a number of persons are meant to be kept under inspections. No matter how different or even opposite the purpose.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Panopticon Or the Inspection House, Volume 2 |author=Jeremy Bentham| publisher=London| year=1791}}</ref> |Jeremy Bentham (1791). ''Panopticon, or The Inspection House''}}

[[File:Contrasted Residences for the Poor.jpg|thumb|upright|A plate by Pugin]]
Though no panopticon was built during Bentham's lifetime, his principles prompted considerable discussion and debate. Shortly after Jeremy Bentham's death in 1832 his ideas were criticised by [[Augustus Pugin]], who in 1841 published the second edition of his work ''[[Augustus Pugin#Contrasts|Contrasts]]'' in which one plate shows a "Modern Poor House". He contrasted an English [[Gothic architecture|medieval gothic town]] in 1400 with the same town in 1840 where broken [[spire]]s and factory [[chimney]]s dominate the skyline, with a panopticon-like building in the foreground replacing the Christian [[hospice]]. Pugin, who went on to become one of the most influential 19th-century writers on [[architecture]], was influenced by [[Hegel]] and [[German idealism]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Architecture Re-assembled: The Use (and Abuse) of History |author= Trevor Garnham|year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn= 9781134052998 |page=47 }}</ref> In 1835 the first annual report of the [[Poor Law Commission]] included two designs by the commission's architect [[Sampson Kempthorne]]. His Y-shape and cross-shape designs for [[workhouse]] expressed the panopticon principle by positioning the master's room as the central point. The designs provided for the segregation of occupants and maximum visibility from the centre.<ref>{{cite book |title=Familiar Past?: Archaeologies of Later Historical Britain |author1-first= Sarah |author1-last=Tarlow |author2-first=Susie |author2-last=West|year=2002 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134660346 |page=131 & 134 }}</ref> Professor [[David Rothman (medical historian)|David Rothman]] came to the conclusion that Bentham's panopticon prison did not inform the architecture of early [[Psychiatric hospital|asylums]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic |author= David Rothman|year=2017 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351483643 |page=xliv }}</ref>