Editing Palestinians (section)

==Genetics==
{{further|Genetic history of the Middle East#Israel and Palestine|Origin of the Palestinians#Genetics}}
[[File:Whole-genome based PCA and clustering of worlds ethnic groups.png|thumb|upright=1.4|In a whole-genome study of modern-day ethnic groups in the world, Palestinian samples clustered in the "Middle Eastern genomic group" (shown as "GG5" in left image), which included samples from populations such as [[Samaritans]], [[Bedouin]]s, [[Jordan]]ians, [[Iraqi Jew]]s and [[Yemenite Jews]].<ref name=Kim_Choi_Kim_2023>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-32325-w |title=On whole-genome demography of world's ethnic groups and individual genomic identity |date=2023 |last1=Kim |first1=Byung-Ju |last2=Choi |first2=Jaejin |last3=Kim |first3=Sung-Hou |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=6316 |pmid=37072456 |pmc=10113208 |bibcode=2023NatSR..13.6316K }}</ref>]]
[[Neolithic Revolution|Early farming populations]] in the Levant, Iran, and Anatolia have significantly influenced modern-day [[Western Asia]]n genomes.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.13110/humanbiology.89.2.01 |title=The Multiple Histories of Western Asia: Perspectives from Ancient and Modern Genomes |date=2017 |last1=Recep Ozgur Taskent |last2=Omer Gokcumen |journal=Human Biology |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=107–117 |pmid=29299965 }}</ref> A 2020 study compared the [[genome|genome-wide]] data of modern-day Palestinians and other populations in the [[Levant]] with various ancient population samples recovered from archaeological sites. It suggested that Palestinians, along with other modern-day populations in the Levant, have ancestry from Southern Levant populations from the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]]s (associated with [[Canaan|"Canaanite" culture]]), along with migrants from the [[Caucasus]] or [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]] area dating back to around 2500 to 1000 BCE.<ref name="Agranat22"/>

Lazaridis et al. (2022) clarified that ancient Levantines and their descendants exhibit a decrease of ~8% local Neolithic ancestry, which is mostly [[Natufian culture|Natufian]], every millennium, starting from the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic]] to the Medieval period. It was largely replaced by [[Caucasus hunter-gatherer|Caucasus]]-related and [[Anatolian hunter-gatherers|Anatolian]]-related ancestries, from the north and west respectively. However, despite the decline in the Natufian component, this key ancestry source made an important contribution to peoples of later periods, continuing until the present.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |last2=Alpaslan-Roodenberg |first2=Songül |last3=Acar |first3=Ayşe |last4=Açıkkol |first4=Ayşen |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia |journal=Science |volume=377 |issue=6609 |pages=982–987 |doi=10.1126/science.abq0762 |pmid=36007054 |pmc=9983685 |bibcode=2022Sci...377..982L }}</ref>

Genetic studies indicate a genetic affinity between Palestinians and other [[Arabs|Arab]] and [[Semitic people|Semitic]] groups in the [[Middle East and North Africa]].<ref name=":1122"/><ref name="Behar20102">{{cite journal |author1=Doron M. Behar |author2=Bayazit Yunusbayev |author3=Mait Metspalu |author4=Ene Metspalu |author5=Saharon Rosset |author6=Jüri Parik |author7=Siiri Rootsi |author8=Gyaneshwer Chaubey |author9=Ildus Kutuev |author10=Guennady Yudkovsky |author11=Elza K. Khusnutdinova |author12=Oleg Balanovsky |author13=Olga Balaganskaya |author14=Ornella Semino |author15=Luisa Pereira |date=July 2010 |title=The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44657170 |journal=Nature |volume=466 |issue=7303 |pages=238–42 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..238B |doi=10.1038/nature09103 |pmid=20531471 |s2cid=4307824 |author20=Michael F. Hammer |author21=Karl Skorecki |author22=Richard Villems |author19=Tudor Parfitt |author18=Batsheva Bonne-Tamir |author16=David Comas |author17=David Gurwitz}}</ref> A 2003 study, which looked into [[Mitochondrial DNA]] and [[Y chromosome]] variations in African and West Asian populations, suggested that there are indications within Palestinian populations of maternal [[gene flow]] from [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], possibly linked to historical migrations or the [[Arab slave traders|Arab slave trade]].<ref name=":132">{{cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=Martin |last2=Rengo |first2=Chiara |last3=Cruciani |first3=Fulvio |last4=Gratrix |first4=Fiona |last5=Wilson |first5=James F. |last6=Scozzari |first6=Rosaria |last7=Macaulay |first7=Vincent |last8=Torroni |first8=Antonio |year=2003 |title=Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=1058–1064 |doi=10.1086/374384 |pmc=1180338 |pmid=12629598}}</ref> Genetic studies have also shown a genetic relationship between Palestinians and [[Jews]].<ref name="Nebel20002">{{cite journal |last1=Nebel |first1=Almut |last2=Filon |first2=Dvora |last3=Weiss |first3=Deborah A. |last4=Weale |first4=Michael |last5=Faerman |first5=Marina |last6=Oppenheim |first6=Ariella |last7=Thomas |first7=Mark G. |date=December 2000 |title=High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf |journal=Human Genetics |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=630–641 |doi=10.1007/s004390000426 |pmid=11153918 |s2cid=8136092 |quote=According to historical records part, or perhaps the majority, of the Muslim Arabs in this country descended from local inhabitants, mainly Christians and Jews, who had converted after the Islamic conquest in the seventh century AD (Shaban 1971; Mc Graw Donner 1981). These local inhabitants, in turn, were descendants of the core population that had lived in the area for several centuries, some even since prehistorical times (Gil 1992)... Thus, our findings are in good agreement with the historical record...}}</ref><ref name="pmid111539182">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nebel A, Filon D, Weiss DA, Weale M, Faerman M, Oppenheim A, Thomas MG |date=December 2000 |title=High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews |journal=Human Genetics |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=630–41 |doi=10.1007/s004390000426 |pmid=11153918 |s2cid=8136092}}</ref><ref name="pmid2056020522"/> A 2023 study, which looked at the [[Whole genome sequencing|whole genomes]] of modern-day ethnic groups around the world, found that the Palestinian samples clustered in the "Middle Eastern genomic group". This group included samples from populations such as [[Samaritans]], [[Bedouin]]s, [[Jordan]]ians, [[Iraqi Jew]]s and [[Yemenite Jews]].<ref name=Kim_Choi_Kim_2023/>