Editing Owain Glyndŵr (section)

==Glyndŵr's Welsh rebellion==
{{Main|Glyndŵr rebellion}}
===Prequel to rebellion===
In the late 1390s, a series of events occurred which cornered Owain, and forced his ambitions towards a rebellion. The events would later be called the Welsh Revolt, the Glyndŵr Rising (within Wales), or the Last War of Independence. His neighbour, [[Reynold Grey, 3rd Baron Grey of Ruthin|Baron Grey of Ruthin]], had seized control of some land, for which Glyndŵr appealed to the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]], however, Owain's petition for redress was ignored. Later, in 1400, Lord Grey did not inform Glyndŵr in time about a royal command to levy feudal troops for Scottish border service, thus enabling him to call Glyndŵr a traitor in London court circles.{{sfn|Allday|1981|p=51}} Lord Grey had stature in the royal court of Henry IV. The law courts refused to hear the case, or it was delayed because Lord Grey prevented Owain's letter from reaching the King, which would have repercussions.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=32}} Sources state that Glyndŵr was under threat because he had written an angry letter to Lord Grey, boasting that lands had come into his possession, and he had stolen some of Lord Grey's horses; and believing Lord Grey had threatened to "burn and slay" within his lands, he threatened retaliation in the same manner. Lord Grey then denied making the initial threat to burn and slay, and replied that he would take the incriminating letter to Henry IV's council and that Glyndŵr would hang for the admission of theft and treason contained within the letter.{{sfn|Mortimer|2013|pp=226-}} The deposed king, Richard II, had support in Wales, and in January 1400 serious civil disorder broke out in the English border city of Chester after the public execution of an officer of Richard II.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=34}}{{sfn|Skidmore|1978|p=24}}

===Initial revolts===
At Sycharth, in Glyndyfrdwy on 16 September 1400, in front of his immediate family, his in-laws, [[Welsh people]] from Berwyn, friends from [[North-East Wales]], the [[List of deans of St Asaph|Dean of St Asaph]] totalling 300 men, Owain Glyndŵr prophecised that he was the person to save his people from the English invasions, and proclaimed himself the Prince of Wales. And, after that day, he instigated a [[Glyndŵr rebellion|15-year rebellion]] against the rule of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]]. Then came a number of initial confrontations between Henry IV and Owain's followers in September and October 1400, as the revolt began to spread around North Wales.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=29–32, 35}} Glyndŵr, the self appointed Prince of Wales and his hundreds of followers launched an assault on Lord Grey's territories burning [[Ruthin]], they continued to [[Denbigh]], [[Rhuddlan Castle|Rhuddlan]], [[Flint, Wales|Flint]], [[Holt, Wrexham|Holt]], [[Oswestry]] and [[Welshpool]], all of which were seen as English towns in Wales. The initial revolt got the attention of the King of England after letters were sent asking for military assistance to combat the Welsh rebels.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=32–33}} Much of northern and central Wales went over to Glyndŵr, and from then on, he would only make an appearance to attack his enemy, his army using effective [[guerrilla warfare]] tactics against the English occupying territories.<ref name="Pierce" />{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=43}}

===Welsh rebellion===
[[File:Monument to Owain Glyndwr's Victory at Hyddgen - geograph.org.uk - 766570.jpg|thumb|Monument to Owain Glyndŵr's victory at the [[Battle of Mynydd Hyddgen]] in 1401|216x216px]]
On [[Good Friday]] (1 April) 1401, 40 of Glyndwr's men who were led by his cousins, [[Rhys ap Tudur]] and Gwilym ap Tudur took [[Conwy Castle]] in [[North Wales]]. In response, King Henry IV appointed [[Henry Percy (Hotspur)]] to bring the country to order. A month later, the King and the English parliament issued an amnesty on 10 March which applied to all rebels with the exception of Owain and his cousins, the [[Tudors of Penmynydd|Tudurs]], however, both the Tudurs were eventually pardoned after they gave up Conwy Castle on 28 May that same year. Hotspur won a battle at [[Cadair Idris]] two days later, but that was to be his final service for the King of England, as he retired his command as leader of the English troops after dealing with Glyndŵr.<ref name=Tout429/>{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=41–42}} During that time in the spring of 1401, Glyndŵr appears in South Wales.<ref name=Tout429-430/> 

In June, Glyndŵr scored his first major victory in the field at [[Mynydd Hyddgen]] on [[Pumlumon]], however, retaliation by Henry IV on [[Strata Florida Abbey]] was to follow in October that same year.{{sfn|Tout|1901|page=430}}{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=43–44}} The rebel uprising had occupied all of North Wales; labourers seized whatever weapons they could, and farmers sold their cattle to buy arms. Secret meetings were held everywhere, and bards "wandered about as messengers of sedition". Henry IV heard of a Welsh uprising at [[Leicester]]; Henry's army wandered North Wales to [[Anglesey]] and drove out [[Franciscan friars]] who favoured Richard II. All the while Glyndŵr, who was in hiding, had his estate at Sycarth forfeited by the King to [[John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset]] on 9 November 1400.<ref name=Tout429/> Then, by autumn, Gwynedd and Ceredigion (which temporarily submitted to England for a pardon) and Powys adhered to the rising against the English rule by supporting the rebellion.<ref name=Tout429-430/> Glyndŵr's attempts at stoking rebellion with help from the Scottish and Irish were quashed, with the English showing no mercy and hanging some messengers.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

As a response to the situation of warfare in Wales, the English Parliament between 1401 and 1402 enacted [[penal laws against the Welsh]], designed to coerce submission in Wales, but the result was to create resentment that pushed many Welshmen into the rebellion.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=37}} In the same year, Glyndŵr captured his archenemy Baron Grey de Ruthyn. He held him for almost a year until he received a substantial ransom from Henry. In June 1402, Glyndŵr defeated an English force led by Sir [[Edmund Mortimer, son of the 3rd Earl|Edmund Mortimer]] near [[Pilleth]] (the [[Battle of Bryn Glas]]), where Mortimer was captured. Glyndŵr offered to release Mortimer for a large ransom but, in sharp contrast to his attitude to de Grey, Henry IV refused to pay. Mortimer's nephew could be said to have had a greater claim to the English throne than Henry himself, so his speedy release was not an option. In response, Mortimer negotiated an alliance with Glyndŵr and married one of Glyndŵr's daughters.<ref name="Pierce" />{{sfn|Tout|1901|page=430}}{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=47–51}} It is also in 1402 that mention of the French and the people of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] helping Owain's daughter Janet, who was negotiating on the continent for her father for two years until 1404.{{sfn|Lloyd|1881|page=215}}

News of the rebellion's success spread across Europe, and Glyndŵr began to receive naval support from Scotland and Brittany. He also received the support of King [[Charles VI of France]], who agreed to send French troops and supplies to aid the rebellion.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=32, 91}} In 1403 Glyndwr had amassed an army of 4,000 in his first [[Division (military)|division]], and 12,000 soldiers in total. A Welsh army including a French contingent assimilated into forces mainly from [[Glamorgan]] and the [[Rhondda Valleys]] region commanded by Owain Glyndŵr, his senior general [[Rhys Gethin]] and Cadwgan, Lord of Glyn Rhondda, defeated a large English invasion force reputedly led by King Henry IV himself at the [[Battle of Stalling Down]] in [[Glamorgan]].{{sfn|Lloyd|1881|page=250}}{{sfn|Morgan|1911|pages=418–425}}

[[File:Glendower by A.C.Michael.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Depiction of Owain Glyndŵr in battle by [[Arthur Cadwgan Michael]]]]

Glyndŵr, facing years on the run, finally lost his estate in the spring of 1403, when Prince Henry as usual marched into Wales unopposed and burnt down Glyndŵr's houses at [[Sycharth]] and [[Glyndyfrdwy]], as well as the [[commote]] of [[Edeirnion]] and parts of [[Kingdom of Powys|Powys]]. Glyndŵr continued to besiege towns and burn down castles; for 10 days in July that year, he toured the south and southwest of Wales until all of the south joined arms in rebelling against English rule. These actions induced an internal rebellion against the King of England, with the Percys joining the rising.{{sfn|Tout|1901|page=431}}{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=82}} It is around this stage of Glyndŵr's life that [[Hywel Sele]], a cousin of the Welsh prince, attempted to assassinate Glyndŵr at the [[Nannau, Wales|Nannau]] estate.<ref name=Tout433/>{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=62, 130, 142}}

In 1403, the revolt became truly national in Wales. Royal officials reported that Welsh students at [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University|Cambridge Universities]] were leaving their studies to join Glyndŵr,<ref name=Tout429/>{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=37}} and also that Welsh labourers and craftsmen were abandoning their employers in England and returning to Wales. Owain could also draw on Welsh troops seasoned by the English campaigns in France and Scotland. Hundreds of Welsh [[archery|archers]] and experienced [[men-at-arms]] left the English service to join the rebellion.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=84}}<ref name=Tout429/>

In 1404, Glyndŵr's forces took [[Aberystwyth Castle]] and [[Harlech Castle]],<ref name="Pierce" /> then continued to ravage the south by burning [[Cardiff Castle]]. Then, a court was held at [[Harlech]] and [[Gruffydd Young]] was appointed as the Welsh [[Chancellor]]. There had been communication to [[Louis I, Duke of Orléans]] in Paris to try (unsuccessfully) to open the Welsh ports to French trade.{{sfn|Tout|1901|page=432}}

=== Crowning as Prince of Wales ===
{{See also|Prince of Wales}}
By 1404, no less than four royal military expeditions into Wales had been repelled, and Owain had solidified his control of the nation. In 1404, he was proclaimed by his supporters Prince of Wales ({{langx|cy|Tywysog Cymru}}) and held parliaments at [[Machynlleth]] and [[Harlech]].{{sfn|Davies|1995|pp=163-164}}  He also planned to build two national universities (one in the south and one in the north), to re-introduce the traditional [[Cyfraith Hywel|Welsh laws of Hywel Dda]], and to establish an independent Welsh church. There were envoys from other countries including France, Scotland, and the [[Kingdom of León]] (in Spain). In the summer of 1405, four representatives from every [[commote]] in Wales were sent to Harlech.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=104}}

{{multiple image|thumb|image1=Senedd-dy Owain Glyn Dwr Glyndwr, Machynlleth Parliament House, Cymru Wales 45.JPG|caption1=Rear of the [[Owain Glyndŵr's Parliament House, Machynlleth|Parliament House]] in [[Machynlleth]]|image2=Owain Glyndŵr's Parliament at Machynlleth.jpg|caption2=Owain Glyndŵr's Parliament at Machynlleth.{{efn|(Illustration from ''Hutchinson's History of the Nations'', 1915)}}}}

===Tripartite indenture===
{{see also|Tripartite Indenture}}
In February 1405, Glyndŵr negotiated the {{em|Tripartite Indenture}} with Edmund Mortimer and [[Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland|Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland]]. The Indenture agreed to divide England and Wales among the three of them.<ref name="Pierce" /> Wales would extend as far as the rivers [[River Severn|Severn]] and [[River Mersey|Mersey]], including most of [[Cheshire]], [[Shropshire]] and [[Herefordshire]]. The [[Mortimer]] Lords of March would take all of southern and western England and the [[House of Percy|Percys]] would take the north of England.{{sfn|Davies|1994|p=195}}{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=107–111}}{{efn|R. R. Davies noted that certain internal features underscore the roots of Glyndŵr's political philosophy in Welsh mythology: in it, the three men invoke prophecy, and the boundaries of Wales are defined according to Merlinic literature.}}
Although negotiations with the lords of Ireland were unsuccessful, Glyndŵr had reason to hope that the French and Bretons might be more welcoming. He dispatched [[Gruffydd Young|Gruffydd Yonge]] and his brother-in-law ([[Margaret Hanmer|Margaret]]'s brother), John Hanmer, to negotiate with the French. The result was a formal treaty that promised French aid to Glyndŵr and the Welsh. The immediate effect seems to have been that joint Welsh and Franco-Breton forces attacked and laid siege to [[Kidwelly Castle]]. The Welsh could also count on semi-official fraternal aid from the Duchy of Brittany and from Scotland.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=75–77}} Scots and French [[privateer]]s were operating around Wales throughout Owain's war. Scottish ships had raided English settlements on the [[Llŷn Peninsula]] in 1400 and 1401. In 1403, a Breton squadron defeated the English in the Channel and devastated [[Jersey]], [[Guernsey]] and [[Plymouth]], while the French made a landing on the [[Isle of Wight]]. By 1404, they were raiding the coast of England, with Welsh troops on board, setting fire to [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] and devastating the coast of [[Devon]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

1405 was the "Year of the French" in Wales. A formal treaty between Wales and France was negotiated. On the continent, the French pressed the English as the French army invaded the English Plantagenet [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]].{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=91–95}} Simultaneously, the French landed in force at [[Milford Haven]] in [[west Wales]], burned Haverford West, and attempted to capture [[Pembroke Castle]] before they were bought off.<ref name=Tout433/> The combined forces of French and Welsh took Carmarthen, which Owain had captured in 1403 but lost again. The occupants were given safe passage out, and they burned the town walls.  Enguerrand de Monstrelet, a later chronicler gives an uncorroborated account of a march through Herefordshire and on into [[Worcestershire]] to [[Woodbury Hill]], ten miles from [[Worcester, England|Worcester]]. They met the English army and took positions from which they daily and viewed each other from a mile without any major action for eight days. Then, both sides seeming to find engagement too risky, and departed.{{sfn|Davies|1995|p=194}}

=== Letter to Charles VI of France ===
{{Main|Pennal Letter}}
{{multiple image|thumb|total_width=500px|image1=Seal impression - Owain Glyndŵr Great Seal (Horseback).jpg|caption1=Owain Glyndŵr Great Seal impression (On horseback)|image2=Owain Glyndŵr's Great Seal impression (on throne).jpg|caption2=Glyndŵr's Great Seal impression (On throne)|image3=Owain Glyndŵr's Privy seal impression (gold dragon and lion).jpg|caption3=Owain Glyndŵr's Privy seal impression (Coat of arms)}}

By 1405, most French forces had withdrawn after politics in [[Paris]] shifted towards peace, with the [[Hundred Years' War]] continuing between England and France.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=95}} On 31 March 1406 Glyndŵr wrote a letter to be sent to Charles VI of France in St Peter ad Vincula church at [[Pennal]], hence its naming after the location it was written at. Glyndŵr's letter requested to maintain military support from the French to fend off the English in Wales. Glyndŵr suggested that in return, he would recognise [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]] of [[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]] as the [[Pope]]. The letter sets out the ambitions of Glyndŵr for an independent Wales with its own parliament, led by himself as Prince of Wales. These ambitions also included the return of the [[Cyfraith Hywel|traditional law]] of [[Hywel Dda]], rather than the enforced English law, establishment of an independent Welsh church as well as two universities, one in south Wales, and one in north Wales.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=102–104}} Following this letter, senior churchmen and important members of society flocked to Glyndŵr's banner and English resistance was reduced to a few isolated castles, walled towns, and [[fortified manor house]]s.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=104}}

Glyndŵr's Great Seal and a letter handwritten by him to the French in 1406 are in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] in Paris. This letter is currently held in the Archives Nationales in Paris. Facsimile copies involving specialist ageing techniques and moulds of Glyndŵr's seal were created by the [[National Library of Wales]] and presented by the heritage minister [[Alun Ffred Jones]] to six Welsh institutions in 2009.{{sfn|National Library of Wales|n.d.}} The royal great seal from 1404 was given to Charles IV of France and contains images and Glyndŵr's title –{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=101}} {{block quote|{{langx|la|Owynus Dei Gratia Princeps Walliae}} –<br/> "Owain, by the grace of God, Prince of Wales".}} Glyndwr referred to himself as the "Prince of Wales" and claimed his "right of inheritance" in these letters{{sfn|Siddons|1991|p=287}}

===The faltering rebellion===
[[File:Dialogues de Pierre Salmon - BNF Fr23279 f1v (scène de dédicace) (cropped).jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Charles VI of France]] did not continue to support Glyndŵr's revolt|left]]

In early 1405, the Welsh forces, who had until then won several easy victories, suffered a series of defeats. Glyndŵr's brother, Lord [[Tudur ap Gruffudd]], a commander during the war, died at the [[Battle of Pwll Melyn]] in May 1405. English forces landed in Anglesey from Ireland and would over time push the Welsh back until the resistance in Anglesey formally ended toward the end of 1406.<ref name=davies />

Following the intervention of French forces, battling ensued for years, and in 1406 Prince Henry restored fines and redemption for Welsh soldiers to choose their own fate, prisoners were taken after the battle, and castles were restored to their original owners, this same year a son of Glyndŵr died in battle. By 1408 Glyndŵr had taken refuge in the North of Wales, having lost his ally from Northumberland.<ref name=Tout433/>

Despite the initial success of the revolution, in 1407 the superior numbers, resources, and wealth that England had at its disposal eventually began to turn the tide of the war, and the much larger and better-equipped English forces gradually began to overwhelm the Welsh. In times of war, the English changed their strategy.{{fact|date=August 2024}} Rather than focusing on punitive expeditions as favoured by his father, the young Prince Henry adopted a strategy of economic blockade. Using the castles that remained in English control, he gradually began to retake Wales while cutting off trade and the supply of weapons. By 1407, this strategy was beginning to bear fruit, and by 1408, the English regained Aberystwyth and then marched north [[Harlech Castle]], which also surrendered during the cold winter into 1409. Edmund Mortimer died during the siege, and Owain's wife Margaret along with two of his daughters (including [[Catrin ferch Owain Glyndŵr|Catrin]]) and three of Mortimer's granddaughters were captured on the fall of the castle and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]]. They were all to die in the Tower in 1413 and were buried at [[St Swithin, London Stone]].{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=123–124, 127, 133–134}} Before his downfall, Glyndŵr was considered the wealthiest of all Welshmen.{{sfn|Carr|1995|pp=108-132}}

Glyndŵr managed to escape capture by disguising himself as an elderly man, sneaking out of the castle and slipping past the English military blockade in the darkness of the night.{{fact|date=August 2024}} Glyndŵr retreated to the Welsh wilderness with a band of loyal supporters; he refused to surrender and continued the war with guerrilla tactics such as launching sporadic raids and ambushes throughout Wales and the English borderlands.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=127-129}}

[[File:Harlech Castle - Cadw photograph.jpg|thumb|[[Harlech Castle]]]]

Glyndŵr remained free, but he had lost his ancestral home and was a hunted prince. He continued the rebellion, particularly wanting to avenge his wife. In 1410, Owain led a raid into rebel-controlled [[Shropshire]],<ref name="Pierce"/> and in 1412, he carried out one of the final successful raids. With his most faithful soldiers, he cut through the King's men in an ambush in [[Brecon]], where he captured, and later ransomed, a leading Welsh supporter of King Henry, [[Dafydd Gam]] ('Crooked David').{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=129–132}} This was the last time that Owain was seen alive by his enemies, although it was claimed he took refuge with the [[Scudamore family]].{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|page=135}} In the autumn, Glyndŵr's [[Aberystwyth Castle]] surrendered while he was away fighting.{{sfn|Davies|Morgan|2009|pages=127-128}} But by then things were changing. Henry IV died in 1413, and his son [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] began to adopt a more conciliatory attitude towards the Welsh. Royal pardons were offered to the major leaders of the revolt and other opponents of his father's regime.{{sfn|Chapman|2015}}{{Page needed|date=November 2024}} As late as 1414, there were rumours that the [[Herefordshire]]-based [[Lollard]] leader Sir [[John Oldcastle]] was communicating with Owain, and reinforcements were sent to the major castles in the north and south.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

On 21 December 1411, the King of England issued pardons to all Welsh except their leader and Thomas of Trumpington (until 9 April 1413, from which Glyndŵr was no longer excepted).<ref name=Tout434/> Glyndŵr ignored offers of a pardon on many different occasions, his followers continued to be punished for crimes of war until the 1410s. His death was recorded by a former follower in the year 1415.<ref name=Turvey1223/>

====Disappearance====
Nothing certain is known of Glyndŵr after 1412.<ref name="Pierce" /> Despite enormous rewards being offered, he was neither captured nor betrayed. He ignored royal pardons, and it is thought he died in 1415, and certainly by 1417. [[Adam of Usk]], a one-time supporter of Glyndŵr, and writing after the fact, made the following entry in his Chronicle for the year 1415: {{block quote|"he was buried at night by his followers. But his burial was detected by his opponents; so he was re-buried. But where his body lies is unknown."{{sfn|Davies|1995|p=327}}}}[[Thomas Pennant]] writes that Glyndŵr died on 20 September 1415 at the age of 61 (which would place his birth at approximately 1354).<ref name="pennant">{{harvnb|Pennant|1784|p=393}}</ref><ref name=Tout434/> 

Glyndŵr may have lived his last days at [[Kentchurch]] in south [[Herefordshire]], the home of the Scudamore family.<ref name=Turvey1223/>  The poet [[Lewys Glyn Cothi]] wrote an elegy for Gwenllian, an illegitimate daughter of Glyndŵr, where it was mentioned that at the time of the Welsh War of independence, the whole of Wales was under Glyndŵr's command, with forty [[dukes]] as the prince's allies, and that later in life he supported 62 female pensioners.{{sfn|Lloyd|1881|page=257}}

There are many folk tales of Glyndŵr donning disguises to gain an advantage over opponents during the rebellion,{{sfn|Bradley|1901|p=280}} and after his disappearance, there has been persistent speculation that the Welsh religious poet, [[Siôn Cent]], the family [[chaplain]] of the Scudamore family,{{sfn|Lewis|1959}} was Owain Glyndŵr in disguise.<ref name="gibbon">{{harvnb|Gibbon|2007}}</ref>

=== Burial===

Although the location of his burial is unknown, there has long been speculation where Glyndŵr's final resting place may be. In 1875, the Rev. [[Francis Kilvert]] wrote in his diary that he saw the grave of "Owen Glendower" in the churchyard at [[Monnington on Wye]] "[h]ard by the church porch and on the western side of it ... It is a flat stone of whitish-grey shaped like a rude obelisk figure, sunk deep into the ground in the middle of an oblong patch of earth from which the turf has been pared away, and, alas, smashed into several fragments."{{sfn|Plomer|1986}}{{Page needed|date=November 2024}}  Another nearby location is suggested by Adrien Jones, the president of the Owain Glyndŵr Society, who stated, "Four years ago we visited a direct descendant of Glyndŵr, a John Skidmore, at [[Kentchurch Court]], near [[Abergavenny]]. He took us to Mornington Straddle in [[Herefordshire]], where one of Glyndŵr's daughters, Alice, lived. Mr. Skidmore told us that he (Glyndŵr) spent his last days there and eventually died there... It was a family secret for 600 years, and even Mr Skidmore's mother, who died shortly before we visited, refused to reveal the secret. There's even a mound where he is believed to be buried at Mornington Straddle."{{sfn|BBC|2004}}

The historian [[Gruffydd Aled Williams]] suggests in a 2017 monograph that the burial site is in the Kimbolton Chapel near Leominster, the present parish church of St James the Great which used to be the chapelry of [[Leominster Priory]], based upon a number of manuscripts held in [[the National Archives (United Kingdom)|the National Archives]]. Although Kimbolton is an unexceptional and relatively unknown place outside of Herefordshire, it is closely connected to the Scudamore family.{{sfn|Williams|2017}}