Editing Osijek (section)

===Origins===
The origins of human habitation in the Osijek area date back to [[Neolithic]] times,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Obelić |first1=Bogomil |last2=Škrivanko |first2=Marija Krznarić |last3=Marijan |first3=Boško |last4=Bronić |first4=Ines Krajcar |year=2004 |title=Radiocarbon dating of Sopot culture sites (Late Neolithic) in eastern Croatia |journal=Radiocarbon |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=245–258 |doi=10.1017/S0033822200039564 |bibcode=2004Radcb..46..245O |url=https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/download/4265/3690 }}</ref> with the first known inhabitants belonging to the [[Illyrians]] and, in the second
half of the fourth century BC, invading [[Celts|Celtic]] tribes, the Scordisci.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dizdar |first=Marko |year=2014 |chapter=Bronze belt from Osijek |editor-last1=Guštin |editor-first1=Mitja |editor-last2=David |editor-first2=Wolfgang |title=The Clash of Cultures? The Celts and the Macedonian World |series=Schriften des kelten römer museums manching 9 |location=Manching |publisher=Kelten Römer Museums |page=189–200, page 189 |isbn=978-3-9812891-8-3 |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64645407/2014_Gustin__David_eds._The_Clash_of_Cultures-libre.pdf?1602351158=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DGUSTIN_M_DAVID_W_eds_The_Clash_of_Cultur.pdf&Expires=1722528333&Signature=IdYqSsvRTn3LE7gPN3i-Wmk6k1Q4JtSuiCj5XbjL5VVP8-Ub-R1nkdk-WUp7NTq98n9ptZ8istFAx0Agp7t1ncXOYXioklvSNG0XZAtzWYywJ0zaDJ6NTTXy5tALN1weeQpUW0VETvKpiELhzqddN0~ClZEmODACWKvTX0MC6vUfl9ONE7Ezmc~SmkgqLNDudeq4cCwPUSjTLeR6o5bQ51CmCfYPScLfZxOnAuGawESyVwNXk8CD6Zq76v4un4SKbE3rZP4sDZqTSgPbLy6shyBCrkQ8jTG4SX37uucJJwRcnYXmvr6sZvrHqIkQBJQa2brAmP3lKUZ~nKl57sG~Uw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=183 }}</ref>

After the conquest of [[Pannonia (Roman province)|Pannonia]], Osijek, known at the time as ''Mursa'', was under the administration and protection of the [[Legio VII Gemina|Roman 7th legion]], which maintained a military [[castrum]] at the colony and a bridge over the river [[Drava]]. There is evidence that the [[Roman emperor]] [[Hadrian]] established the settlement from scratch,<ref name="Leleković-2017" /> regardless he raised  Mursa to the status of a [[Roman colony|colony]] with special privileges in 133. After that, Mursa had a turbulent history, with several decisive battles taking place at its immediate proximity, among which the most notable are the battle between [[Aureolus]] and [[Ingenuus]] in 260<ref>260 C.E. is the more generally accepted date, although some sources support the date of 258. See the detailed discussion at {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Leadbetter |first=William |date=24 September 1998 |title=Ingenuus (260 A.D.) |encyclopedia=De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors |url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/ingen.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124143657/http://www.roman-emperors.org/ingen.htm |archive-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead }} ''citing, inter alia,'' {{Cite book|last=Drinkwater |first=John |year=1987 |title=The Gallic Empire: Separatism and continuity in the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire A.D. 260 - 274 |series=Historia Einzelschriften #52 |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Steiner |pages=104–105 |isbn=3-515-04806-5 }}</ref> and the especially brutal and bloody [[Battle of Mursa Major]] in 351. These battles, especially the latter one, had long-term consequences for the colony and the region, which was already under ever-increasing pressure from the invading [[Goths]] and other invading tribes. After the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] and the destruction of local tribes by Avar Kaghanate in sixth century, this area was resettled by Slavic tribes.

The earliest recorded mention of Osijek dates back to 1196.<ref name="Stallaerts2010">{{cite book|last=Stallaerts|first=Robert|title=Historical dictionary of Croatia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSjRbIz4iDkC&pg=PA239|access-date=15 October 2011|date=28 February 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6750-5|page=239}}</ref> The town was a feudal property of Kórógyi family between 1353 and 1472.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Middle Ages |work=City of Osijek: History |publisher=City of Osijek |year=2010 |url=http://www.osijek.hr/en/content/view/full/3373 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008174813/http://www.osijek.hr/en/content/view/full/3373 |archive-date=8 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the death of the last Kórógyi, King [[Matthias Corvinus]] granted it to the Rozgonyi family. The city was almost completely destroyed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army on 8 August 1526,<ref name="Stallaerts2010" /> just before the [[Battle of Mohács]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Setton |first=Kenneth Meyer |year=1976 |title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571 |location= |publisher=American Philosophical Society |volume=3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA249 249] |isbn=978-0-87169-161-3 }}</ref> It was invested with a Turkish garrison in 1529.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mažuran |first=Ive |year=1958 |title=Turska osvajanja u Slavoniji (1526–1552) |trans-title=Turkish conquests in Slavonia (1526–1552) |language=hr |journal=Osječki zbornik |volume=6 |pages=93–134, pages 114–115 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/449628535/Ive-Ma%C5%BEuran-Turska-Osvajanja-u-Slavoniji }}</ref> The Turks rebuilt it in [[Ottoman architecture|Ottoman oriental style]] and it was mentioned in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] census of 1579.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jelinic |first=Srecko |year=2002 |title=Popis Sandžaka Požega — 1579 |trans-title=Register of Sandzak Pozega from 1579 |language=hr |journal=Pravni Vjesnik |volume=18 |pages=337–338 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/pravnivjsk18&div=15&id=&page= }}</ref> In 1566, [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] built a famous, 8-km-long wooden bridge of boats in Osijek, considered at that time to be one of the wonders of the world.<ref name="DorlingZopp2011">{{cite book|last1=Dorling|first1=Kindersley|last2=Zopp|first2=Leandro|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Croatia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTFWUPUEo7YC&pg=PA189|access-date=15 October 2011|date=6 June 2011|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Ltd|isbn=978-1-4053-6071-5|page=189}}</ref> In Ottoman Empire, Osijek was part of the [[Sanjak of Pojega]], [[Budin Province, Ottoman Empire|Budin Eyalet]], and became a commercial center as an important conduit for East-West trade.<ref name="Özgüven-2010" />

Following the [[Battle of Mohács (1687)|Second Battle of Mohács]] in 1687, Osijek was taken by the Habsburg monarchy on 29 September 1687, after more than 150 years of Ottoman rule.<ref name=Osijek-history>{{cite web|title=Osijek after the Turks |work=City of Osijek: History |publisher=City of Osijek |year=2010 |url=http://www.osijek.hr/en/content/view/full/3374 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008174818/http://www.osijek.hr/en/content/view/full/3374 |archive-date=8 October 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Battle of Osijek in 1685 (Romeyn de Hooghe, 1687).png|thumb|left|Battle of Osijek, fought on 11 August 1685 between the [[Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor|Imperial Habsburg army]], commanded by James, 2nd Count Leslie, and the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]], resulting in an Habsburg victory]]
[[File:Plan_of_Tvrdja_in_Osijek_1861.jpg|thumb|left|Plan of [[Tvrđa]] in Osijek 1861]]

[[File:Eszek.jpg|thumb|left|Osijek in the late 17th century]]
[[File:Bastion Osijek.jpg|thumb|left|Bastion in [[Tvrđa]]]]
[[File:Magyar Királyság, Eszék látképe, háttérben a Szent Péter és Pál székesegyház. Fortepan 86972.jpg|thumb|left|Osijek 1904]].
[[File:Bombardiranje 1.jpg|thumb|left|Bombing of Osijek 1944]]