Editing Orange (colour) (section)

==History and art==
In [[ancient Egypt]], and [[ancient India]], artists used an orange colour on some of their items. In Egypt, a mineral pigment called [[realgar]] was used for tomb paintings, as well as for other purposes. Orange [[carnelian]]s were significantly used during the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] which was, in turn, obtained by the people of [[Kutch]], [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization|page=96|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|author=Jonathan Mark Kenoyer|author-link=Jonathan Mark Kenoyer}}</ref> The colour was also used later by medieval artists for the colouring of manuscripts. Pigments were also made in ancient times from a mineral known as [[orpiment]]. Orpiment was an important item of trade in the [[Roman Empire]] and was used as a medicine in [[ancient China]] although it contains [[arsenic]] and is highly toxic. It was also used as a fly poison and to poison arrows. Because of its yellow-orange colour, it was also a favourite with alchemists who were searching for a way to make gold, both in China and in the West.

Before the late 15th century, the colour orange existed in Europe, but without the name; it was simply called yellow-red. Portuguese merchants brought the first orange trees to Europe from Asia in the late 15th and early 16th century, along with the Sanskrit word {{Lang|sa|nāraṅga}}, which gradually became part of several [[European languages]]: {{Lang|es|naranja}} in Spanish, {{Lang|pt|laranja}} in Portuguese, and ''orange'' in English & French. In mid-16th century England, the colour referred to as 'orange' was a reddish-brown, matching the deteriorated appearance of the fruit after a long journey from where it was grown in Portugal or |Spain Improvements in transportation and the introduction of an orange grove in [[Surrey]] allowed the fresh fruit to become more familiar in England, and the colour referred to as ''orange'' shifted in the 17th century toward its modern understanding.<ref name="Morton2011">{{cite journal|title=Hue and Eye|first=Mark |last=Morton
|journal=Gastronomica|volume=11|number=3|date=Fall 2011|pages=6–7|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|doi=10.1525/gfc.2011.11.3.6 |jstor=10.1525/gfc.2011.11.3.6}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Egypt lyre 001.jpg|People in ancient Egyptian wall paintings often were shown with orange or yellow-orange skin, painted with a pigment called [[realgar]].
File:Orpiment-d06-185b.jpg|The mineral [[orpiment]] was a source of yellow and orange pigments in [[ancient Rome]], though it contained [[arsenic]] and was highly toxic.
File:Vladimirskaya ikona.jpg|[[Icon]], 12th century
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===House of Orange===
The [[House of Orange-Nassau]] was one of the most influential royal houses in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. It originated in 1163 in the tiny [[Principality of Orange]], a feudal state of {{convert|108|sqmi}} north of [[Avignon]] in southern France. The Principality of Orange took its name not from the fruit, but from a Roman-Celtic settlement on the site which was founded in 36 or 35 BC and was named after the Celtic water god [[Arausio (god)|Arausio]];<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of the Roman Empire |last=Bunson |first=Matthew |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford and New York |isbn=978-0-19-510233-8 |page=23 }}</ref> however, the name may have been slightly altered, and the town associated with the colour, because it was on the route by which quantities of oranges were brought from southern ports such as [[Marseille]] to northern France.

The family of the Prince of Orange eventually adopted the name and the colour orange in the 1570s.<ref name="Grovier">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20180227-the-toxic-colour-that-comes-from-volcanoes|title=The toxic colour that comes from volcanoes|last=Grovier|first=Kelly|language=en|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref> The colour came to be associated with Protestantism, due to participation by the House of Orange on the Protestant side in the [[French Wars of Religion]]. One member of the house, [[William I of Orange]], organised the [[Eighty Years' War]] comprising resistance against Spain, a war that lasted eighty years, until the Netherlands won its independence. The House's arguably most prominent member, [[William III of Orange]], became [[King of England]] in 1689, after the downfall of the Catholic [[James II of England|James II]] in the [[Glorious Revolution]].

Due to [[William III of the Netherlands|William III]], orange became an important political colour in Britain and Europe. William was a Protestant, and as such, he defended the [[Protestantism in Ireland|Protestant minority of Ireland]] against the majority [[Roman Catholic]] population. As a result, the Protestants of Ireland were known as [[Orange Order|Orangemen]]. Orange eventually became one of the colours of the [[Irish flag]], symbolising the Protestant heritage. His orange-white-and-blue rebel flag became the forerunner of The Netherlands' modern flag.<ref name="Grovier"/>

When the [[Boers|Dutch settlers]] living in the [[Cape Colony]] (now part of [[South Africa]]) [[Great Trek|migrated into the Southern African heartlands]] in the 19th century, they founded what they called the [[Orange Free State]]. In the [[United States]], the flag of [[New York City]] has an orange stripe, to remember the Dutch colonists who founded the city. William of Orange is also remembered as the founder of the [[College of William & Mary]], and [[Nassau County, New York]] is named after the House of Orange-Nassau.

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File:King William III of England, (1650-1702).jpg|[[William III of Orange]], ruler of both England and the Netherlands
File:Flag of the Orange Free State.svg|The [[Orange Free State]] in [[South Africa]] was an independent [[Boer republic]] in the late 19th century, then a British colony, then part of the [[Union of South Africa]]. The orange colour came from the [[Orange River]], named for the Dutch [[House of Orange]]. The Dutch flag is in the canton.
File:Flag of South Africa 1928-1994.svg|The [[Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)|flag of South Africa]] (1928–1994) had an orange stripe, due to the influence of [[House of Orange]] and the period when there was a Dutch colony.
File:Flag of New York City.svg|The modern [[flag of New York City]] takes its colours from the Dutch flag of the 17th century, and has an orange stripe in honour of the House of Orange-Nassau.
File:Queensday 2011 Amsterdam 12.jpg|Celebrating [[Queensday]] in [[Amsterdam]]. The royal family of the [[Netherlands]] belong to the [[House of Orange]].
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===18th and 19th century===
In the 18th century, orange was sometimes used to depict the robes of [[Pomona (mythology)|Pomona]], the goddess of fruitful abundance; her name came from the {{Lang|la|pomon}}, the Latin word for fruit. Oranges themselves became more common in northern Europe, thanks to the 17th-century invention of the heated greenhouse, a building type which became known as an [[orangerie]]. The French artist [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]] depicted an allegorical figure of inspiration dressed in orange.

In 1797 a French scientist [[Louis Vauquelin]] discovered the mineral [[crocoite]], or [[lead chromate]], which led in 1809 to the invention of the synthetic pigment [[chrome orange]]. Other synthetic pigments, [[cobalt red]], [[cobalt yellow]], and cobalt orange, the last made from [[cadmium sulfide]] plus [[cadmium selenide]], soon followed. These new pigments, plus the invention of the [[metal paint tube]] in 1841, made it possible for artists to paint outdoors and to capture the colours of natural light.

In Britain, orange became highly popular with the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood|Pre-Raphaelites]] and with history painters. The flowing red-orange hair of [[Elizabeth Siddal]], a prolific model and the wife of painter [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]], became a symbol of the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood|Pre-Raphaelite movement]]. [[Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton|Lord Leighton]], the president of the Royal Academy, produced ''[[Flaming June]]'', a painting of a sleeping young woman in a bright orange dress, which won wide acclaim. [[Albert Joseph Moore]] painted festive scenes of [[Roman people|Romans]] wearing orange cloaks brighter than any of the Romans ever likely wore. In the United States, [[Winslow Homer]] brightened his palette with vivid oranges.

In France, painters took orange in an entirely different direction. In 1872 [[Claude Monet]] painted ''[[Impression, Sunrise]]'', a tiny orange sun and some orange light reflected on the clouds and water in the centre of a hazy blue landscape. This painting gave its name to the [[Impressionist]] movement.

Orange became an important colour for all the Impressionist painters. They all had studied the recent books on colour theory, and they know that orange placed next to azure blue made both colours much brighter. [[Auguste Renoir]] painted boats with stripes of chrome orange paint straight from the tube. [[Paul Cézanne]] did not use orange pigment, but produced his own oranges with touches of yellow, red and ochre against a blue background. [[Toulouse-Lautrec]] often used oranges in the skirts of dancers and gowns of Parisiennes in the cafes and clubs he portrayed. For him, it was the colour of festivity and amusement.

The Post-Impressionists went even further with orange. [[Paul Gauguin]] used oranges as backgrounds, for clothing and skin colour, to fill his pictures with light and exoticism. But no other painter used orange so often and dramatically as [[Vincent van Gogh]]. who had shared a house with Gauguin in [[Arles]] for a time. For Van Gogh orange and yellow were the pure sunlight of Provence. He produced his own oranges with mixtures of yellow, ochre and red, and placed them next to slashes of sienna red and bottle green, and below a sky of turbulent blue and violet. He put an orange moon and stars in a cobalt blue sky. He wrote to his brother Theo of searching for oppositions of blue with orange, of red with green, of yellow with violet, searching for broken colours and neutral colours to harmonize the brutality of extremes, trying to make the colours intense, and not a harmony of greys.<ref>Vincent van Gogh, ''Lettres a Theo'', p. 184.</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Queen Anne of Great Britain.jpg|Queen [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne of Great Britain]] in orange gown (1736)
File:Jean-Honoré Fragonard - Inspiration.jpg|''Inspiration'', by [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]] (1789)
File:Jean-François Badoureau - D. Pedro de Alcântara, Príncipe Real.jpg|Pedro de Alcântara, Prince Royal (later Emperor of Brazil as [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]] and King of Portugal as Pedro IV; early 1800s)
File:Moore Albert Midsummer.jpg|''Midsummer'', by [[Albert Joseph Moore]] (1848–1893)
File:Dante Gabriel Rossetti - Regina Cordium (1860).jpg|The flowing red-orange hair of [[Elizabeth Siddal]], model and wife of painter [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]], became a symbol of the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood|Pre-Raphaelite]] movement (1860).
File:Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant.jpg|''[[Impression, Sunrise]]'' by [[Claude Monet]] (1872) featured a tiny but vivid chrome orange Sun. The painting gave its name to the Impressionist movement.
File:Pedro Américo - D. Pedro II na abertura da Assembléia Geral (cropped).jpg|Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]] wearing a wide collar of orange toucan feathers around his shoulders and elements of the [[Imperial Regalia of Brazil|Imperial Regalia]]. Detail from a painting by [[Pedro Américo]] (1872)
File:1877-winslow-homer-the-new-novel.jpg|''The new novel'', by [[Winslow Homer]] (1877)
File:Chatou hires.jpg|''Oarsmen at Chatou'' by [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] (1879). Renoir knew that orange and blue brightened each other when put side by side.
File:Paul Gauguin 112.jpg|''Self-portrait'' of [[Paul Gauguin]] (1888)
File:Van Gogh - Weiden bei Sonnenuntergang.jpeg|''Willow trees at sunset'' by Arles van Gogh (1888)
File:VanGogh-starry night ballance1.jpg|''[[The Starry Night]]'' by [[Vincent van Gogh]], features orange stars, an orange [[Venus]], and an orange [[Moon]] (1889)
File:Monet grainstacks W1273.jpg|''Meules'', from the 1890–1891 series of ''[[Haystacks (Monet)|Haystacks]]'' by [[Claude Monet]]
File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 031.jpg|[[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]] was extremely fond of orange, the colour of amusement ''[[Jane Avril]]'' (1893–1896).
File:Flaming June, by Frederic Lord Leighton (1830-1896).jpg|''[[Flaming June]]'', by [[Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton|Lord Leighton]] (1895)
File:Paul Gauguin 135.jpg|''[[Vairumati]]'', by Paul Gauguin (1897)
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===20th and 21st centuries===
In the 20th and 21st centuries, the colour orange had highly varied associations, both positive and negative.

The high visibility of orange made it a popular colour for certain kinds of clothing and equipment. During [[World War II]], US Navy pilots in the Pacific began to wear orange inflatable life jackets, which could be spotted by search and rescue planes. After the war, these jackets became common on both civilian and naval vessels of all sizes, and on aircraft flown over water. Orange is also widely worn (to avoid being hit) by workers on highways and by cyclists.

A [[herbicide]] called [[Agent Orange]] was widely sprayed from aircraft by the [[Royal Air Force]] during the [[Malayan Emergency]] and the [[US Air Force]] during the [[Vietnam War]] to remove the forest and jungle cover beneath which enemy combatants were believed to be hiding, and to expose their supply routes. The chemical was not actually orange, but took its name from the colour of the steel drums in which it was stored. Agent Orange was toxic, and was later linked to birth defects and other health problems.

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File:John Thach.jpg|A [[United States naval aviator|US Navy pilot]] during World War II wearing an orange inflatable life jacket.
File:ISS Expedition 5 crew.jpg|Crew members of the [[International Space Station]].
File:US-Huey-helicopter-spraying-Agent-Orange-in-Vietnam.jpg|A US [[helicopter]] spraying [[Agent Orange]] on a jungle during the [[Vietnam War]],
File:MOWAG Feuerwehrvan.JPG|[[Firefighter]] car in Switzerland
File:Eesti mailbox.JPG|Orange [[Post box|mailbox]], [[Estonia]]
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Orange also had and continues to have a political dimension. Orange serves as the colour of [[Christian democratic]] political ideology, which is based on [[Catholic social teaching]] and [[Neo-Calvinist]] theology; Christian democratic political parties came to prominence in Europe and the Americas after World War II.<ref name="Witte1993">{{cite book|last=Witte|first=John|title=Christianity and Democracy in Global Context|year=1993|publisher=Westview Press|language=en |isbn=9780813318431|page=9}}</ref><ref name="Reuchamps2014">{{cite book|last=Reuchamps|first=Min|title=Minority Nations in Multinational Federations: A Comparative Study of Quebec and Wallonia|date=17 December 2014|publisher=Routledge|language=en|isbn=9781317634720|page=140}}</ref>
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File:Fidesz 2015.svg|Logo of the [[Fidesz]]
File:Logo of the Christian Democratic and Flemish (2022).svg|Logo of the [[Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams]]
File:Logo-CVP.svg|Logo of the [[Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland]]
File:Logo unio 2015.png|Logo of the [[Democratic Union of Catalonia]]
File:People's National Party (Jamaica) logo.png|The logo of the [[People's National Party (Jamaica)|People's National Party of Jamaica]]
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In Ukraine in November–December 2004, it became the colour of the [[Orange Revolution]], a popular movement which carried activist and reformer [[Viktor Yushchenko]] into the presidency.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=B0RdPe1hHccC&dq=The+orange+color+Viktor+Yushchenko&pg=PA331 Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases], [[Oxford University Press]], 2008, {{ISBN|0199215294}} (page 331)</ref> In parts of the world, especially [[Northern Ireland]], the colour is associated with the [[Orange Order]], a [[Protestant]] fraternal organisation and relatedly, Orangemen, marches and other social and political activities, with the colour orange being associated with Protestantism similar to the Netherlands.

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File:Flag of the Orange Order.svg|Flag of the [[Orange Order]], an international Protestant fraternal organisation
File:Stamp of Ukraine s635.jpg|A 2005 postage stamp of [[Ukraine]] commemorated the [[Orange Revolution]] of 2004.
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