Editing One Hundred and One Dalmatians (section)

==Production==
===Story development===
The children's novel ''[[The Hundred and One Dalmatians]]'' by [[Dodie Smith]] had been published on November 19, 1956,{{sfn|Grove|1996|page=240}} to an immediate success.{{sfn|Allan|1999|page=236}} By February 1957, screenwriter [[Charles Brackett]] brought it to the attention of [[Walt Disney]],{{sfn|Grove|1996|page=241}} who acquired the film rights to the novel on November 26 of that year<ref name="AFICatalog">{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23705-ONE-HUNDREDANDONEDALMATIANS|title=One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)|publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|access-date=January 2, 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102190012/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23705-ONE-HUNDREDANDONEDALMATIANS|archive-date=January 2, 2024}}</ref> (after lengthy negotiations)<ref name="SincerelyYours">{{cite AV media notes|title="Sincerely Yours, Walt Disney"|type=Bonus feature|publisher=[[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]]|format=DVD|edition=''101 Dalmatians'' Platinum DVD|year=2008|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ufNSGGrztA|via=[[YouTube]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607053233/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=_ufNSGGrztA|archive-date=June 7, 2023}}</ref> for $25,000.{{sfn|Grove|1996|page=241}} The project was set to be Disney's next animated feature after ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'' (which was still in production at the time)<ref name="SincerelyYours" /> and was originally expected to be finished within two years.<ref name="AFICatalog" /> Story artist [[Bill Peet]] was assigned to single-handedly develop the story,{{sfn|Barrier|2007|page=274}} marking the first time a Disney animated film was written by one person.{{sfn|Barrier|1999|page=567}} Disney also tasked Peet to write a detailed screenplay first before storyboarding; since Peet never learned to use a typewriter, he wrote the initial draft by hand on legal paper.{{sfn|Peet|1989|page=165}} The manuscript was completed and typed up within two months, after which, having received Disney's approval, Peet began storyboarding and was charged with recording the voice-over process.{{sfn|Peet|1989|pages=165–166}}  This was the first time that a complete screenplay was approved for a Disney feature animated film before storyboarding began, but it was "a short-lived experiment" and that particular approach would not be used again at Disney Animation until ''[[The Great Mouse Detective]]'' (1986).{{sfn|Peri|Docter|2024|p=195}}

Peet closely followed the plot of Smith's novel, but condensed some of its characters, which included Cruella's husband and cat,{{sfn|Koenig|1997|page=117}} as well as Cadpig, the female runt of Pongo and Missis' puppies, whose traits were transferred to Lucky in the final film.<ref name="101ForTheFamily" />{{efn|The Disney version of Cadpig was introduced as one of the main characters in [[101 Dalmatians: The Series|1997 animated TV series]].<ref name="TooningInTheFallSeason">{{cite magazine|date=September 6, 1997|title=Tooning in the Fall Season|url=https://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.6/2.6pages/2.6tooningin.html|magazine=[[Animation World Network|Animation World Magazine]]|issue=2|access-date=January 3, 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404151027/https://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.6/2.6pages/2.6tooningin.html|archive-date=April 4, 2023}}</ref>}} He also merged two Dalmatian mothers, birth mother Missis and adopted mother Perdita, into one,{{sfn|Barrier|1999|page=567}} naming her after the latter;{{sfn|Koenig|1997|page=117}} likewise, Nanny Cook and Nanny Butler from the novel were amalgamated into one character, simply named Nanny.<ref name="101ForTheFamily" /> The Colonel's cat assistant was re-gendered from the female Pussy Willow into the male Sergeant Tibbs, and Horace Badun was renamed from Saul.{{sfn|Koenig|1997|pages=116-117}} Among other things, Peet retained a scene from the original book in which Pongo and Perdita exchange wedding vows in unison with their owners, who were also renamed from Mr. and Mrs. Dearly to Roger and Anita Radcliffe.<ref name="101ForTheFamily" /> However, after the [[Hays Code|censor board]] warned that it might offend certain religious audiences if the animals repeated the exact words of a solemn religious ceremony, it was reworked to be less religious, down to having Roger and Anita dressed in formal clothes.{{sfn|Koenig|1997|pages=117–118}} Also, the film's original ending involved the newly rich Roger selling his song about Cruella and buying the Hell Hall to turn it into a Dalmatian Plantation, with Pongo and Perdita expecting another litter of puppies. It was ultimately cut short and rewritten to have Dalmatians reunite with their owners after they escape from Cruella.{{sfn|Koenig|1997|page=118}}

Although Disney had not been as involved in the production of the animated films as frequently as in previous years, he was always present at story meetings.<ref name="Redefining the Line">{{cite AV media notes |title = Redefining the Line: The Making of One Hundred and One Dalmatians |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZRm67FJH3Q |type = Bonus feature |publisher = Walt Disney Home Entertainment |location = Burbank, California |format = DVD |year = 2008 |via = YouTube |access-date = 2020-01-01 |archive-date = 2019-12-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191223111326/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZRm67FJH3Q |url-status = live }}</ref> When Peet sent Dodie Smith some drawings of the characters, she wrote back saying that he had improved her story and that the designs looked better than the illustrations in the book.

===Casting===
The filmmakers deliberately cast actors with deeper voices for the roles of dogs, so they would have more power than those of the human characters.{{sfn|Vagg|2010|page=77}} [[Rod Taylor]], who had extensive radio experience, was one of the first actors cast in the film;<ref name="101ForTheFan">{{Cite AV media|title=101 Pop-Up Trivia Facts For The Fan|type=Bonus feature|publisher=[[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]]|edition=''101 Dalmatians'' Platinum DVD|year=2008}}</ref> he got the role of Pongo.<ref name="VoicesForDalmatians">{{cite news|date=April 8, 1961|title=Voices For Dalmatians Give Disney Problem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDNWAAAAIBAJ&dq=dalmatians+rod+taylor&pg=PA101&article_id=4719,3051566|work=[[The Spokesman-Review]]|access-date=January 2, 2024|via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> [[Lisa Daniels (actress)|Lisa Daniels]] was originally cast as Perdita and recorded about the third of her lines but then got married and moved to [[New York City|New York]];<ref name="101ForTheFan" /> Cate Bauer replaced her for the rest of the film.<ref name="VoicesForDalmatians" /> [[J. Pat O'Malley]], who was a regular voice actor for the studio and one of Disney's personal favorites,<ref name="101ForTheFan" /> got the roles of Jasper and Colonel,{{sfn|Frankham|Hollifield|2015|page=278–279}} and also voiced several minor characters in the film.<ref name="VoicesForDalmatians" /> [[David Frankham]] was cast as Sergeant Tibbs in the spring of 1959 and finished his recording within three sessions from May 1959 to January 1960;{{sfn|Frankham|Hollifield|2015|pages=277–280}} he was also asked to record the part of Scottie, the Skye Terrier who appears early in the "Twilight Bark" sequence.{{sfn|Frankham|Hollifield|2015|page=279}}

Disney originally had [[Lisa Davis (actress)|Lisa Davis]] read for the role of Cruella De Vil, but she did not think that she was right for the part, and wanted to try reading the role of Anita instead.<ref name="LuckyDogs">{{cite AV media notes|title=Lucky Dogs|type=Documentary film|publisher=Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|edition=''101 Dalmatians'' Diamond Blu-ray|year=2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8k78RHAwczQ|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602152623/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8k78RHAwczQ|archive-date=June 2, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Disney agreed, and, after they read the script for a second time, she landed the part.<ref name="DavisTalks101Dalmatians" /> Davis also provided live-action reference for the character.<ref>{{cite web|last=Braun|first=Amy|url=http://www.dvdizzy.com/lisadavis-interview.html|title=UltimateDisney.com's Interview with Lisa Davis, the voice and model for 101 Dalmatians' Anita Radcliff|website=DVDizzy.com|date=March 4, 2008|access-date=June 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405092301/https://dvdizzy.com/lisadavis-interview.html|archive-date=April 5, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Betty Lou Gerson]], who was previously the narrator for ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'' (1950), auditioned for the role of Cruella De Vil in front of [[Marc Davis (animator)|Marc Davis]], the character's supervising animator, and sequence director [[Wolfgang Reitherman]], and immediately landed it.<ref name="FirstNameInNasty">{{cite news|title='101 Dalmatians': A Classic On All Counts Evil-hearted Cruella The First Name In Nasty|last=Rhetts|first=Joanne|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1985-12-26-0340880008-story.html|newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]]|date=December 26, 1985|access-date=September 16, 2017|url-access=limited|archive-date=March 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325103214/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1985-12-26-0340880008-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> While searching for the right accent of the character, she landed on a "phony theatrical voice, someone who's set sail from New York but hasn't quite reached England."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/1991/08/23/cruella-de-vils-voice/|last=Birnhaum|first=Jane|title=Cruella De Vil's voice|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=August 23, 1991|access-date=September 16, 2017|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406035605/https://ew.com/article/1991/08/23/cruella-de-vils-voice/|url-status=live}}</ref> During the recording process, Gerson was thought to be imitating [[Tallulah Bankhead]],<ref name="CruellaDeVilVillainsHistory" /> but she later disputed that she "didn't intentionally imitate her ... We both had phony English accents on top of our Southern accents and a great deal of flair. So our voices came out that way."<ref>{{cite news|title=Betty Lou Gerson's Phony Accent Was a Natural for Cruella De Vil|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-20-ca-2074-story.html|last=King|first=Susan|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=July 20, 1991|access-date=September 16, 2017|archive-date=June 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602220803/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-20-ca-2074-story.html|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref> Gerson finished her recording sessions in fourteen days.<ref name="FirstNameInNasty"/>

===Animation===
====Art direction====
After ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'' (1959) disappointed at the box office, Disney was losing money and there were discussions about closing down the animation department.<ref name="Redefining the Line"/> During the film's production, Disney told animator [[Eric Larson]]: "I don't think we can continue; it's too expensive."{{sfn|Barrier|1999|pages=566-557}} Despite this, he still had deep feelings towards animation because he had built the company upon it.<ref name="Redefining the Line"/>

[[Ub Iwerks]], in charge of special processes at the studio, had been experimenting with [[Xerography|Xerox]] photography to aid in animation. By 1959, he used a Xerox camera to transfer drawings by animators directly to [[cel|animation cels]], eliminating the inking process, thus saving time and money while preserving the spontaneity of the penciled elements.{{sfn|Finch|1975|page=122}} However, because of its limitations, the camera was unable to deviate from a black scratchy outline and lacked the fine lavish quality of hand inking.{{sfn|Finch|1975|page=122}} Disney would first use the Xerox process for a thorn forest in ''Sleeping Beauty'',{{sfn|Barrier|1999|pages=566-557}} and the first production to make full use of the process was ''[[Goliath II]]'' (1960).{{sfn|Finch|1975|page=122}} For ''One Hundred and One Dalmatians'', one of the benefits of the process was that it was a great help towards animating the spotted dogs. According to [[Chuck Jones]], Disney was able to complete the film for about half of what it would have cost if they had had to animate all the dogs and spots.<ref>{{cite interview |url=https://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Jones/interview_chuck_jones.htm |title=An Interview with Chuck Jones |website=Michaelbarrier.com |access-date=April 13, 2014 |archive-date=February 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207030734/http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Jones/interview_chuck_jones.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Meanwhile, [[Ken Anderson (animator)|Ken Anderson]], the studio's art director, learned a television production studio—Hurrell Productions—was using Xerography to produce television commercials featuring Disney characters.{{sfn|Ghez|2019|p=39}} Inspired by the aesthetic, Anderson experimented with a Xerox copier to directly transfer the animators' drawings onto [[Cel|transparent cels]], thereby eliminating the inking process. Anderson screened an animation test to Disney and the animators; although Disney expressed concern at the graphic style, he gave his approval stating: "Ah, yeah, yeah, you can fool around all you want to."{{sfn|Canemaker|1996|p=177}} For the stylized art direction, Anderson took inspiration from British cartoonist [[Ronald Searle]],<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PMK9MQLnRCEC&q=%22work+of+British+cartoonist%2C+Ronald+Searle%22&pg=PT82 |last = Norman |first = Floyd |author-link = Floyd Norman |title = Animated Life: A Lifetime of tips, tricks, techniques and stories from a Disney Legend |publisher = [[Routledge]] |isbn = 978-0-240-81805-4 |year = 2013 |access-date = March 23, 2016}}</ref> who once advised him to use a Mont Blanc pen and India ink for his artwork.{{sfn|Canemaker|1996|p=177}}

In addition to the character animation, Anderson also sought to use Xerography on "the background painting because I was going to apply the same technique to the whole picture."{{sfn|Canemaker|1996|p=177}} Along with color stylist [[Walt Peregoy]], the two had the line drawings be printed on a separate animation cel before being laid over the background, which gave the appearance similar to the Xeroxed animation.<ref name="Redefining the Line"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Amidi |first=Amid |author-link=Amid Amidi |url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/rip/walt-peregoy-101-dalmatians-color-stylist-rip-108028.html |title=Walt Peregoy, '101 Dalmatians' Color Stylist, RIP |website=[[Cartoon Brew]] |date=January 17, 2015 |access-date=March 23, 2016 |archive-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322020030/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/rip/walt-peregoy-101-dalmatians-color-stylist-rip-108028.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Disney disliked the artistic look of the film and felt he was losing the "fantasy" element of his animated films.<ref name="Redefining the Line"/> In a meeting with the animation staff concerning future films, Disney angrily said, "We're never gonna have one of those goddamned things", referring to the film's art direction; he also stated, "Ken's never going to be an art director again."{{sfn|Canemaker|1996|p=178}}

Anderson took this to heart, but Disney eventually forgave him on his final trip to the studio in late 1966. As Anderson recalled in an interview:

<blockquote>He looked very sick. I said, "Gee, it's great to see you, Walt," and he said, "You know that thing you did on ''Dalmatians''." He didn't say anything else, but he just gave me this look, and I knew that all was forgiven and in his opinion, maybe what I did on ''Dalmatians'' wasn't so bad. That was the last time I ever saw him. Then, a few weeks later, I learned he was gone.<ref name="Redefining the Line"/></blockquote>

====Character animation====
[[Marc Davis (animator)|Marc Davis]] was the sole animator on Cruella De Vil. During production, Davis claimed her character was partly inspired by [[Bette Davis]] (no relation), [[Rosalind Russell]], and [[Tallulah Bankhead]]. He took further influence from her voice actress, [[Betty Lou Gerson]], whose cheekbones he added to the character. He later complimented, "[t]hat [her] voice was the greatest thing I've ever had a chance to work with. A voice like Betty Lou's gives you something to do. You get a performance going there, and if you don't take advantage of it, you're off your rocker".<ref name="Maupin_ChicagoTribune" /> While her hair coloring originated from the illustrations in the novel, Davis found its disheveled style by looking "through old magazines for hairdos from 1940 till now". Her coat was exaggerated to match her oversized personality, and the lining was red because "there's a devil image involved".{{sfn|Canemaker|2001|p=284}}

As with the previous Disney films, the actors provided live-action reference as an aid to the animators before the animation process begun.{{sfn|Thomas|Johnston|1981|pages=319–320}} By January 1959,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lee Lenker|first=Maureen|date=May 20, 2021|title=Vil-A-Fied: How Mary Wickes became the 'original' live-action Cruella|url=https://ew.com/movies/mary-wickes-original-live-action-cruella/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=January 4, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217140802/https://ew.com/movies/mary-wickes-original-live-action-cruella/|archive-date=December 17, 2023}}</ref> [[Mary Wickes]], who had played the maid Katie in ''[[The Mickey Mouse Club]]'' serial ''[[Walt Disney Presents: Annette|Annette]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://animatedviews.com/2008/walt-disney-treasuresthe-mickey-mouse-club-presents-annette/|title=Walt Disney Treasures: ''The Mickey Mouse Club Presents Annette''|last=Cyrenne|first=Randall|date=November 21, 2008|website=Animated Views|access-date=January 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605131309/https://animatedviews.com/2008/walt-disney-treasuresthe-mickey-mouse-club-presents-annette/|archive-date=June 5, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> was hired as a model for Cruella De Vil.<ref name="DrawnToBeBad" /> The live-action reference for Nanny was provided by both [[Don Barclay (actor)|Don Barclay]] and [[Barbara Luddy]], who had voiced Lady in ''[[Lady and the Tramp]]'' (1955) and [[Flora, Fauna and Merryweather|Merryweather]] in ''Sleeping Beauty'' (1959).<ref name="101ForTheFan" /> [[Helene Stanley]]{{snd}}who had been a model for the [[Cinderella (Disney character)|titular character]] in ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'' (1950) and [[Aurora (Disney)|Princess Aurora]] in ''Sleeping Beauty'' (1959){{snd}}performed the live-action reference for Anita.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Dave|url=http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/characters/cinderella/cinderella.html|title=Cinderella Character History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331190207/http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/characters/cinderella/cinderella.html|work=Disney Archives|access-date=January 4, 2024|archive-date=March 31, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Main|One Hundred and One Dalmatians (soundtrack)}}
''One Hundred and One Dalmatians'' was the first Disney animated feature film to be a non-musical. To have music involved in the narrative, Peet used an old theater trick by which the protagonist is a down-and-out songwriter. However, unlike the previous animated Disney films at the time, the songs were not composed by a team, but by [[Mel Leven]] who composed both lyrics and music.{{sfn|Koenig|1997|page=118}} Previously, Leven had composed songs for the [[UPA (animation studio)|UPA]] animation studio in which animators, who transferred to work at the Disney studios, had recommended him to Walt Disney.<ref>{{cite interview |url = https://animatedviews.com/2008/dalmatians-101-spot-light-on-songwriter-mel-leven/ |subject = William Leven |title = ''Dalmatians'' 101: "Spot"-light on songwriter Mel Leven |interviewer = Jérémie Noyer |publisher = Animated Views |date = March 3, 2008 |access-date = May 21, 2018 |archive-date = May 22, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180522112536/http://animatedviews.com/2008/dalmatians-101-spot-light-on-songwriter-mel-leven/ |url-status = live }}</ref> His first assignment was to compose "Cruella De Vil," of which Leven composed three versions. The final version used in the film was composed as a "bluesy number" before a meeting with Walt in forty-five minutes.{{sfn|Koenig|1997|page=118}}

The other two songs included in the film are "Kanine Krunchies Jingle" (sung by [[Lucille Bliss]], who voiced Anastasia Tremaine in Disney's 1950 film ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]''), and "Dalmatian Plantation" in which Roger sings only two lines at its closure. Leven had also written additional songs that were not included in the film. The first song, "Don't Buy a Parrot from a Sailor," a [[cockney]] chant, was meant to be sung by Jasper and Horace at the De Vil Mansion. A second song, "Cheerio, Good-Bye, Toodle-oo, Hip Hip!" was to be sung by the dalmatian puppies as they make their way into London.{{sfn|Koenig|1997|pages=118-119}} A third song titled "March of the One Hundred and One" was meant for the dogs to sing after escaping Cruella by van. Different, longer versions of "Kanine Krunchies Jingle" and "Dalmatian Plantation" appear on the [[Walt Disney Records|Disneyland Records]] read-along album based on the film.<ref name="ehrbar">{{cite web |url = https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/101-dalmatians-on-records/ |title = 101 Dalmatians on Records |first = Greg |last = Ehrbar |date = February 10, 2015 |access-date = July 4, 2017 |publisher = Cartoon Research |archive-date = September 17, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170917035245/http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/101-dalmatians-on-records/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

The [[Sherman Brothers]] wrote a title song, "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", but it was not used in the film.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Noyer |first1=Jérémie |title=Scales and Arpeggios: Richard M. Sherman and the "mewsic" of The AristoCats ! |url=https://animatedviews.com/2008/richard-sherman-on-scoring-the-artistocats/ |website=Animated Views |access-date=2021-08-22 |date=February 4, 2008}}</ref> The song has been released on other Disney recordings, however.<ref name="ehrbar"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ehrbar |first1=Greg |title=Walt Disney's "101 Dalmatians" Long-Awaited Soundtrack Album |url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/walt-disneys-101-dalmatians-long-awaited-soundtrack-album/ |website=Cartoon Research |access-date=2021-08-22 |date=June 8, 2021}}</ref>