Editing One China (section)

== Evolution of the One China principle ==
[[File:Washington Street, San Francisco (6453).JPG|thumb|280px|[[Flag of the Republic of China]] (right) and [[Flag of the People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]] flying together in [[Chinatown, San Francisco]], revealing different political views from [[overseas Chinese]]]]
One interpretation, which was adopted during the [[Cold War]], is that either the PRC or the ROC is the sole rightful government of all [[China]] and that the other government is illegitimate. While much of the [[western bloc]] maintained relations with the ROC until the 1970s under this policy, much of the [[eastern bloc]] maintained relations with the PRC. While the government of the ROC considered itself the remaining holdout of the legitimate government of a country overrun by what it thought of as "[[Communist bandit]]s", the PRC claimed to have succeeded the ROC in the [[Chinese Civil War]]. Though the ROC no longer portrays itself as the sole legitimate government of China, the position of the PRC remained unchanged until the early 2000s, when the PRC began to soften its position on this issue to promote [[Chinese unification]].

One interpretation of one China is that only one geographical region of China exists, which was split between two Chinese governments during the Chinese Civil War. This is largely the position of current supporters of Chinese unification in mainland China, who believe that "one China" should eventually unite under a single government.<ref name=":2" /> Starting in 2005, this position has become close enough to the position of the PRC, allowing high-level dialogue between the CCP and the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] of the ROC.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The revised position of the PRC was made clear in the [[Anti-Secession Law]] of 2005, which although stating that there is one China whose [[sovereignty]] is indivisible, does not explicitly identify this China with the PRC. Almost all PRC laws have a suffix "of the People's Republic of China" (prefix in Chinese grammar) in their official names, but the Anti-Secession Law is an exception. Beijing has made no major statements after 2004 which identify one China with the PRC and has shifted its definition of one China slightly to encompass a concept called the '[[1992 Consensus]]': both sides of the Taiwan strait recognize there is only one China—both mainland China and Taiwan belong to the same China but agree to differ on the definition of which China.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Huang |first=Jing |title=Xi Jinping's Taiwan Policy: Boxing Taiwan In with the One-China Framework |date=2017 |work=Taiwan and China |pages=239–248 |editor-last=Dittmer |editor-first=Lowell |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1w76wpm.16 |access-date=2024-04-22 |series=Fitful Embrace |edition=1 |publisher=University of California Press |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1w76wpm.16 }}</ref> According to Taiwanese lawyer Chen Chang-wen, the new version changed from a subordinate relationship to an equal relationship, and the legislation only legalized its constitutional obligations.<ref>陳長文. 法律並非重心-從法律分析的角度，看反分裂法的法律分析 侷限性. 律師雜誌 Taipei Bar Journal. 2005, 309: 29. doi:10.7030/TBJ.200506.0020</ref> Placing less emphasis on which government should represent One China is more compatible with KMT's position as well as the current ROC Constitution. This reformulation was also reflected in the 2022 PRC white paper on Taiwan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fabry |first1=Mikulas |title=The Effect of 'One China' Policies of Foreign States on the International Status of Taiwan |journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft |date=2 January 2024 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=90–115 |doi=10.1080/09592296.2024.2303855}}</ref>

=== Policy position in the PRC ===
{{See also|Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China}}
In practice, official sources and state-owned media never refer to the "ROC government", and seldom to the "government of Taiwan". Instead, the government in Taiwan is referred to as the "Taiwan authorities". The PRC does not accept or stamp [[Republic of China passport]]s. Instead, a Taiwan resident visiting [[Mainland China]] must use a [[Taiwan Compatriot Entry Permit]]. [[Hong Kong]] grants visa-free entry to holders of a Permit; while holders of a ROC passport must apply for a Pre-arrival Registration. [[Macau]] grants visa-free entry to holders of both the permit and the passport.

The [[United Front (China)|United Front]], which consists of the eight other political parties in the PRC subordinate to the CCP, has adhered to the One-China policy and opposes Taiwan independence. Among the parties that accepted it are the [[Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang]] (a splinter left-wing party that broke away from the main Kuomintang) and the [[Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League]].<ref name=TDSGL/>

In 1950, Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] stated that the principle that Taiwan is part of China is "not only a historical fact but affirmed by the [[1943 Cairo Declaration|Cairo Declaration]], the [[Potsdam Declaration]], and the conditions after Japan's surrender."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781503634152 |title=The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy |date=2022 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |pages=34 |doi=10.1515/9781503634152 |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413153307/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503634152/html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In its foreign relations, the PRC does not object to other countries having Taiwan trade offices, so long as those countries are not formally engaged in diplomatic activity.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last1=Shinn |first1=David H. |title=China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement |last2=Eisenman |first2=Joshua |date=2023 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-21001-0 |location=New York |author-link=David H. Shinn}}</ref>{{Rp|page=34}}

=== Policy position in the ROC ===
{{See also|Taiwan Province|Free area of the Republic of China}}
Chiang Kai-shek held the view that there was One China that should be united under the government of the Republic of China; his adversary Mao praised him for rejecting the idea of 'two Chinas,' stating that Chiang "dared to defy the U.S. policy for 'two Chinas' in front of [John Foster] [[John Foster Dulles|Dulles]], proving that he is still a great nationalist."<ref name=":92">{{Cite book |last1=Marquis |first1=Christopher |url= |title=Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise |last2=Qiao |first2=Kunyuan |date=2022 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-26883-6 |location=New Haven |doi=10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k |jstor=j.ctv3006z6k |oclc=1348572572 |author-link=Christopher Marquis |s2cid=253067190}}</ref>{{Rp|page=43}}

On 1 August 1992, the ROC's [[National Unification Council]] passed the "Definition of One China Resolution", stating: "The two sides of the Taiwan Strait uphold the One China principle, but the interpretations of the two sides are different ... Our side believes that one China should mean the Republic of China, established in 1912 and existing today, and its sovereignty extends throughout China, but its current governing authority is only over Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matzu. Admittedly, Taiwan is part of China, but the mainland is also a part of China."<ref name=":Chen">{{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Dean P. |title=China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment |publisher=[[Leiden University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9789087284411 |editor-last=Fang |editor-first=Qiang |chapter=Xi Jinping and the Derailment of the KMT-CCP "1992 Consensus" |editor-last2=Li |editor-first2=Xiaobing}}</ref>{{Rp|page=229}} This resolution provided the basis for quasi-governmental talks between the ROC's [[Straits Exchange Foundation|Strait Exchange Foundation]] (SEF) and the PRC's [[Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits]] (ARATS).<ref name=":Chen" />{{Rp|page=229}}

During these discussions, SEF stated that "each side expresses its own interpretation verbally in order to solve this sticky problem of [one China] and thereby reaffirmed the August 1st NUC resolution as SEF's interpretation of one China."<ref name=":Chen" />{{Rp|page=229}} ARATS agreed to expressing these interpretations verbally and stated that "both sides of the strait uphold the principle of one China, and actively seek national unification, but the political interpretation of the one China will not be referred to in the cross-strait negotiations on functional issues."<ref name=":Chen" />{{Rp|pages=229-230}} This position later became known as the [[1992 Consensus]], a phrase coined in early 2000 by [[Su Chi]].<ref name=":Chen" />{{Rp|page=230}} 

There is significant difference on Taiwan regarding recognition and understanding of the One-China principle. The Pan-Blue Coalition parties, led by the Kuomintang, generally accept the One-China principle. In particular, former [[President of the Republic of China|president]] [[Ma Ying-jeou]] has stated that "One China is the Republic of China".<ref>{{cite web |title=President Ma holds press conference to discuss '1992 Consensus' |url=https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/3729 |website=Office of the President, Republic of China (Taiwan) |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530120919/https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/3729 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |date=28 Aug 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>  The [[Pan-Green Coalition]] parties, led by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), do not accept the policy and view Taiwan as a country separate from China.  Former DPP president [[Chen Shui-bian]] believes the 1992 Consensus forsakes Taiwan's national sovereignty, effectively ceding it to the PRC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beijing's 'one China' |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/jul/3/beijings-one-china/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=3 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109133245/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/jul/3/beijings-one-china/ |archive-date=9 Nov 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>  President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] rejected the 1992 Consensus categorically in 2019.<ref name="Horton">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/world/asia/taiwan-xi-jinping-tsai-ing-wen.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 5, 2019|last=Horton|first=Chris|title=Taiwan's President, Defying Xi Jinping, Calls Unification Offer 'Impossible'|access-date=January 18, 2019|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704104654/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/world/asia/taiwan-xi-jinping-tsai-ing-wen.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

When the ROC established diplomatic relations with [[Kiribati]] in 2003, it did not require that Kiribati sever relations with the PRC.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Melody |title=Taiwan forges diplomatic ties with Kiribati |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2003/11/08/2003075024 |access-date=15 February 2024 |date=8 Nov 2003}}</ref>  However, the PRC did not accept dual recognition and severed ties with Kiribati as a result.<ref>{{cite news |title=China severs diplomatic ties with Kiribati |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-11-29/china-severs-diplomatic-ties-with-kiribati/97836 |access-date=15 February 2024 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=29 Nov 2003}}</ref>  In 2024, the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that it had no preconditions for maintaining diplomatic relations with other countries, in particular that it was not opposed to simultaneous recognition of the ROC and PRC.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yeh |first1=Joseph |title=Taiwan has no preconditions for foreign exchanges: MOFA |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202402150005 |website=Focus Taiwan |date=15 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>

The ROC does not recognize or stamp PRC passports. Instead, mainland Chinese residents visiting Taiwan and other territory under ROC jurisdiction must use an [[Exit & Entry Permit (Republic of China)|Exit and Entry Permit]] issued by the ROC authorities.