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=== Pre-Columbian === [[Indigenous peoples]] were present in what is now Oklahoma by the [[Quaternary glaciation|last ice age]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1980/2/80.02.07.x.html| first=Valerie| last=Palino| title=Early Man in North America: The Known to the Unknown| publisher=Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute| access-date=August 1, 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816201109/http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1980/2/80.02.07.x.html| archive-date=August 16, 2007}}</ref> Ancestors of the [[Wichita people|Wichita and Affiliated Tribes]] (including [[Teyas Indians|Teyas]] and [[Escanjaque Indians|Escanjaques]] and [[Tawakoni]]), [[Tonkawa]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=May |first1=Jon D. |title=Tonkawa (tribe) |url=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=TO003 |website=The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture |publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society |access-date=April 11, 2021}}</ref> and [[Caddo]] (including [[Kichai people|Kichai]]) lived in what is now Oklahoma. [[Southern Plains villagers]] lived in the central and west of the state, with a subgroup, the [[Panhandle culture]] people, living in the panhandle region. [[Caddoan Mississippian culture]] peoples lived in the eastern part of the state. [[Spiro Mounds]], in what is now [[Spiro, Oklahoma]], was a major [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian]] mound complex that flourished between AD 850 and 1450.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007| url=http://www.myspiro.com/spiroMounds.asp|title= The Historic Spiro Mounds| publisher=Spiro Area Chamber of Commerce | access-date=August 1, 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070808234344/http://www.myspiro.com/spiroMounds.asp|archive-date=August 8, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rootsweb.com/~oknowata/PreHIn.htm|title= Prehistory of Oklahoma| publisher=rootsweb| access-date=August 1, 2007}}</ref> [[Plains Apache]] people settled in the Southern Plains and in Oklahoma between 1300 and 1500.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Blue |title=Indian Tribes of Oklahoma: A Guide |date=2009 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman |isbn=978-0-8061-4060-5 |page=28}}</ref>
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