Editing Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (section)

===Soviet Test 184===
{{Main article|Soviet Project K nuclear tests}}
In 1962, the [[Soviet Union]] performed three EMP-producing nuclear tests in space over Kazakhstan, the last in the "[[Soviet Project K nuclear tests]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zak |first1=Anatoly |title=The K Project: Soviet Nuclear Tests in Space |journal=The Nonproliferation Review |volume=13 |issue=1 |date=March 2006 |pages=143–150 |s2cid=144900794 |issn=1746-1766 |lccn=2008233174 |oclc=173322619 |doi=10.1080/10736700600861418}}</ref> Although these weapons were much smaller (300 [[nuclear weapon yield|kiloton]]) than the Starfish Prime test, they were over a populated, large landmass and at a location where the Earth's magnetic field was greater. The damage caused by the resulting EMP was reportedly much greater than in Starfish Prime. The [[geomagnetic storm]]–like E3 pulse from Test 184 induced a current surge in a long underground [[power line]] that caused a fire in the [[power plant]] in the city of [[Karaganda]].{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the level of this damage was communicated informally to US scientists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subject: US-Russian meeting – HEMP effects on national power grid & telecommunications |last1=Seguine |first1=Howard |date=1995-02-17 |website=[[Office of the Secretary of Defense]] |via=The Nuclear Weapon Archive |df=dmy-all |url=https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/News/Loborev.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627232815/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/News/Loborev.txt |archive-date=2022-06-27}}</ref> For a few years US and Russian scientists collaborated on the HEMP phenomenon. Funding was secured to enable Russian scientists to report on some of the Soviet EMP results in international scientific journals.<ref name="combatwmd">{{cite journal |last1=Pfeffer |first1=Robert |last2=Shaeffer |first2=D. Lynn |journal=Combating WMD Journal |publisher=United States Army Nuclear and CWMD Agency (USANCA) |date=2009 |issue=3 |pages=33–38 |title=A Russian Assessment of Several USSR and US HEMP Tests |via=[[Defense Technical Information Center]] |df=dmy-all |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a495245.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233322/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a495245.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-30}}</ref> As a result, formal documentation of some of the EMP damage in Kazakhstan exists, although it is still sparse in the [[open science|open-scientific]] literature.<ref name="greetsai">{{cite journal |last1=Greetsai |first1=V. N. |last2=Kozlovsky |first2=A. H. |last3=Kuvshinnikov |first3=V. M. |last4=Loborev |first4=V. M. |last5=Parfenov |first5=Y. V. |last6=Tarasov |first6=O. A. |last7=Zdoukhov |first7=L. N. |date=November 1998 |title=Response of long lines to nuclear high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility]] |language=en |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=348–354 |eissn=1558-187X |issn=0018-9375 |lccn=sn78000466 |oclc= |df=dmy-all |doi=10.1109/15.736221}}</ref><ref name="euroem">{{cite conference |last1=Loborev |first1=Vladimir M. |title=Up to Date State of the NEMP Problems and Topical Research Directions |conference=Electromagnetic Environments and Consequences: Proceedings of the EUROEM 94 International Symposium |location=Bordeaux, France |date=1994-05-30 |pages=15–21 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

For one of the K Project tests, Soviet scientists instrumented a {{convert|570|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} section of telephone line in the area that they expected to be affected by the pulse. The monitored telephone line was divided into sub-lines of {{convert|40|to|80|km}} in length, separated by [[repeater]]s. Each sub-line was protected by [[fuse (electrical)|fuses]] and by [[gas-filled tube|gas-filled]] [[overvoltage]] protectors. The EMP from the 22 October (K-3) nuclear test (also known as Test 184) blew all of the fuses and destroyed all of the overvoltage protectors in all of the sub-lines.<ref name="greetsai"/>
Published reports, including a 1998 IEEE article,<ref name="greetsai"/> have stated that there were significant problems with ceramic insulators on overhead electrical power lines during the tests. A 2010 technical report written for [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] stated that "Power line insulators were damaged, resulting in a short circuit on the line and some lines detaching from the poles and falling to the ground".<ref name="ORNL-3">{{cite report |last1=Savage |first1=Edward |last2=Gilbert |first2=James |last3=Radasky |first3=William |docket=Meta-R-320 |title=The Early-Time (E1) High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) and Its Impact on the U.S. Power Grid |section=Section 3 – A Brief History of E1 HEMP Experiences |date=January 2010 |publisher=Metatech Corporation for Oak Ridge National Laboratories |df=dmy-all |url=https://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/reliability/cybersecurity/ferc_meta-r-320.pdf |access-date=2017-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520145500/https://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/reliability/cybersecurity/ferc_meta-r-320.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-20}}</ref>