Editing Newington, London (section)

===Urban development===
[[File:Trinity Street Regency terraces.jpg|thumb|[[Regency architecture|Regency]] terraces of Trinity Street]]
The area remained as a farming village with a low level of population until the second half of the 18th century. There was a little industry, for example, the manufacture of [[Smoking pipe (tobacco)|clay pipes]] for [[tobacco]] smoking. In [[William Shakespeare]]'s time, there was a theatre called [[Newington Butts]] and later there were further theatres.  Newington gained in importance with the creation of the [[Westminster Bridge]] in 1750 and the associated improvements of [[London Bridge]] which required a series of new roads across [[St George's Fields]] to interconnect the routes from them and allow traffic from the Georgian [[West End of London|West End]] to travel south and to [[Southwark]] without transitting through the City. These routes were [[Westminster Bridge Road]] and [[Borough Road]] for the West End and Southwark; for the route to the south [[London Road, Southwark|London Road]] and [[St George's Road]] supplemented and by-passed the [[Borough High Street]] and [[Newington Causeway]]. All of these roads converged at a junction where there was a blacksmith's forge and inn called [[Elephant and Castle]] which then became a name to signify the area. Traffic heading to the south-east from the West End was connected to the older route from the City of London and Southwark to Kent as [[New Kent Road]] from Newington to a junction with the older route at the [[Bricklayers Arms]].  New roads brought development opportunities. The local landowner, [[Henry Penton (the younger)|Henry Penton]] ([[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Winchester (UK Parliament constituency)|Winchester]]), started to sell some of his farmland. The 19th century brought more dense speculative house building, and some philanthropic provision too. The [[Trinity House]] Newington Estate, laid out on property the institution was left in the seventeenth century, became a high class residential district which is still largely in existence. It was built around an 1820s classical church by [[Francis Octavius Bedford]].

Further urban stimulus was given by the arrival of mainline railway routes from the City to the south, the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway]] built a station at [[Elephant and Castle]] in 1863. In 1890 the [[City and South London Railway]] (now the [[Northern line]] City Branch of [[London Underground]]) was projected through the area with stations at what was termed 'Kennington' (but in fact within Newington) and also at Elephant. In 1906 the new [[Bakerloo]] line terminated at the Elephant also.