Editing New South Wales (section)

=== 1788: British settlement ===
[[File: Founding of the settlement of Port Jackson at Botany Bay in New South Wales in 1788 - Thomas Gosse.jpg|thumb|'' Founding of the settlement of [[Port Jackson]] at [[Botany Bay]] in New South Wales in 1788'' – Thomas Gosse|left]]In 1770, [[James Cook]] charted the unmapped eastern coast of the continent of [[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]], now Australia, and claimed the entire coastline that he had just explored as British territory. Contrary to his instructions, Cook did not gain the consent of the Aboriginal inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beagleole|first=J. C.|title=The Life of Captain James Cook|publisher=Adam and Charles Black|year=1974|isbn= 9780713613827 |location=London|pages=249}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Blainey |first=Geoffrey |title=Captain Cook's Epic Voyage: the Strange Quest for a Missing Continent |publisher=Viking |year=2020 |isbn=9781760895099 |location=Melbourne and Sydney |pages=238–239}}</ref> Cook originally named the land ''New Wales'', but on his return [[First voyage of James Cook|voyage to Britain]] he settled on the name ''New South Wales''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lipscombe |first=Trevor |date=December 2020 |title=The origins of the name New South Wales |url=https://www.anps.org.au/upload/Dec_2020.pdf |journal=Placenames Australia |issn=1836-7976}}</ref>{{efn|The only significant attempt to change the State's name occurred in 1887, when a bill introduced by then Premier [[Henry Parkes]] to change the colony's name to "Australia" reached its [[first reading]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Colony of Australia Bill 1887 |url=https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/bills/Pages/bill-details.aspx?pk=6513 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=[[Parliament of New South Wales]]}}</ref> The bill was allowed to lapse due to objections from the other colonies in the lead up to [[Federation of Australia|Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2018 |title=Queensland's history—1800s |url=https://www.qld.gov.au/about/about-queensland/history/timeline/1800s |website=[[Queensland Government]]}}</ref>}}

In January 1788 [[Arthur Phillip]] arrived in Botany Bay with the [[First Fleet]] of 11 vessels, which carried over a thousand settlers, including 736 convicts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Karskens|first=Grace|title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|isbn=9781107011533|editor-last=Bashford|editor-first=Alison|location=Cambridge|pages=91|chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822|editor-last2=MacIntyre|editor-first2=Stuart}}</ref> A few days after arrival at [[Botany Bay]], the fleet moved to the more suitable [[Port Jackson]], where Phillip established a settlement at the place he named [[Sydney Cove]] (in honour of the Secretary of State, [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney|Lord Sydney]]) on 26 January 1788.<ref>Peter Hill (2008) p.141-150; Andrew Tink, ''Lord Sydney: The Life and Times of Tommy Townshend,'' Melbourne, Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2011.</ref> This date later became Australia's national day, [[Australia Day]]. Governor Phillip formally proclaimed the colony on 7 February 1788 at Sydney. Phillip, as [[Governor of New South Wales]], exercised nominal authority over all of Australia east of the [[135th meridian east]] between the latitudes of 10°37'S and 43°39'S, and "all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean". The area included modern New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania.<ref name="NAA1787">{{cite web|title=Governor Phillip's Instructions 25 April 1787 (UK)|url=http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=35|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615195616/http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=35|archive-date=15 June 2006|access-date=28 May 2006|work=Documenting a Democracy|publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]]}} Robert J. King, "Terra Australis, New Holland, and New South Wales: the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia", ''The Globe'', no.47, 1998, pp.35–55.</ref> He remained as governor until 1792.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography|last=Fletcher|first=B.&nbsp;H.|id2=phillip-arthur-2549|title=
Arthur Phillip (1738–1814)|year=1967|volume=2|access-date=17 January 2007|archive-date=8 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308215005/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/phillip-arthur-2549|url-status=live}}</ref>

The settlement was initially planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade and shipbuilding were banned to keep the convicts isolated. However, after the departure of Governor Phillip, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods obtained from visiting ships. Former convicts also farmed land granted to them and engaged in trade. Farms spread to the more fertile lands surrounding [[Parramatta|Paramatta]], [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]] and [[Camden, New South Wales|Camden]], and by 1803 the colony was self-sufficient in grain. Boat building was developed to make travel easier and exploit the marine resources of the coastal settlements. Sealing and whaling became important industries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Karskens|first=Grace|title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I, Indigenous and colonial Australia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|isbn=9781107011533|editor-last=Bashford|editor-first=Alison|location=Cambridge|pages=90–114|chapter=The early colonial presence, 1788-1822|editor-last2=MacIntyre|editor-first2=Stuart}}</ref>

In March 1804, Irish convicts led around 300 rebels in the [[Castle Hill convict rebellion|Castle Hill Rebellion]], an attempt to march on Sydney, commandeer a ship, and sail to freedom.<ref>Karskens (2009). pp. 29–297</ref> Poorly armed, and with their leader Philip Cunningham captured, about 100 troops and volunteers routed the main body of insurgents at [[Rouse Hill, New South Wales|Rouse Hill]]. At least 39 convicts were killed in the uprising and subsequent executions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2021 |title=Castle Hill Rebellion |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810081550/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/castle-hill-rebellion |archive-date=10 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=nma.gov.au |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Whitaker">{{cite web|author=Whitaker, Anne-Maree|year=2009|title=Castle Hill convict rebellion 1804|url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804|access-date=3 January 2017|work=[[Dictionary of Sydney]]|archive-date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231534/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/castle_hill_convict_rebellion_1804|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Lachlan Macquarie]] (governor 1810–1821) commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches and public buildings, sent explorers out from Sydney, and employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney.<ref>Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 115–17</ref> A road across the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] was completed in 1815, opening the way for large scale farming and grazing in the lightly wooded pastures west of the [[Great Dividing Range]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kingston|first=Beverley|title=A History of New South Wales|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780521833844|location=Cambridge|pages=118–19}}</ref>

[[File:Map NSW 1850 SLNSW FL3688835.jpg|thumb|Map of the south eastern portion of Australia, 1850]]
In 1825 Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) became a separate colony and the western border of New South Wales was extended to the 129th meridian east (now the West Australian border).<ref>Kingston, Beverley (2006). p. 2</ref>

New South Wales established a military outpost on [[King George Sound (Western Australia)|King George Sound]] in Western Australia in 1826 which was later transferred to the Swan River colony.<ref name="bat24">{{cite book |title=Western Australia: A History from its Discovery to the Inauguration of the Commonwealth |last=Battye |first=James Sykes |author-link=James Battye |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |oclc=4362013 |url=https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks05/0500301h.html |year=2005 |orig-date=1924 |via=Project Gutenberg of Australia |access-date=24 September 2021 }}</ref>{{rp|61}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Uren|first1=Malcolm John Leggoe|title=Land Looking West: The Story of Governor James Stirling in Western Australia|date=1948|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{LandInfo WA|c|A|2007-06-08}}</ref>

In 1839, the UK decided to formally annex at least part of New Zealand to New South Wales.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/treaty-timeline/treaty-events-1800-1849 |title=Treaty timeline |author=Ministry for Culture and Heritage |date=April 3, 2023}}</ref> It was administered as a dependency until becoming the separate [[Colony of New Zealand]] on 3 May 1841.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crown colony era – the Governor-General |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/history-of-the-governor-general/crown-colony-era |website=NZHistory |publisher=[[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=March 2009 |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=2 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302210954/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/history-of-the-governor-general/crown-colony-era |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Moon |title=New Zealand Birth Certificates – 50 of New Zealand's Founding Documents |author-link=Paul Moon |publisher=AUT Media |year=2010 |page=66|isbn=978-0-95829971-8}}</ref>

From the 1820s, [[Squatting (Australian history)|squatters]] increasingly established unauthorised cattle and sheep runs beyond the official limits of the settled colony. In 1836, an annual licence was introduced in an attempt to control the pastoral industry, but booming wool prices and the high cost of land in the settled areas encouraged further squatting. The expansion of the pastoral industry led to violent episodes of conflict between settlers and traditional Aboriginal landowners, such as the [[Myall Creek massacre]] of 1838.<ref>Kingston, Beverley (2006). pp. 19–21</ref> By 1844 wool accounted for half of the colony's exports and by 1850 most of the eastern third of New South Wales was controlled by fewer than 2,000 pastoralists.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ford|first1=Lisa|title=The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I|last2=Roberts|first2=David Andrew|year=2013|chapter=Expansion, 1821–1850}}</ref>

The transportation of convicts to New South Wales ended in 1840, and in 1842 a Legislative Council was introduced, with two-thirds of its members elected and one-third appointed by the governor. Former convicts were granted the vote, but a property qualification meant that only one in five adult males were enfranchised.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hirst|first=John|title=Australian History in 7 Questions|publisher=Black Inc.|year=2016|isbn=9781922231703 |location=Victoria|pages=51–54}}</ref>

By 1850 the settler population of New South Wales had grown to 180,000, not including the 70,000 living in the area which became the separate colony of Victoria in 1851.<ref>Ford, Lisa; Roberts, David Andrew (2013). p.138</ref>