Editing Nazi Party (section)

=== Origins and early years: 1918–1923 ===
The Nazi Party grew out of smaller political groups with a nationalist orientation that formed in the last years of [[World War&nbsp;I]]. In 1918, a league called the {{lang|de|Freier Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden}} (Free Workers' Committee for a good Peace){{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=82}} was created in [[Bremen]], Germany. On 7 March 1918, [[Anton Drexler]], an avid German nationalist, formed a branch of this league in [[Munich]].{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=82}} Drexler was a local locksmith who had been a member of the militarist [[German Fatherland Party|Fatherland Party]]{{sfn|Shirer|1991|p=34}} during World War I and was bitterly opposed to the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|armistice]] of November 1918 and the revolutionary upheavals that followed. Drexler followed the views of militant nationalists of the day, such as opposing the [[Treaty of Versailles]], having [[antisemitism|antisemitic]], anti-monarchist and anti-Marxist views, as well as believing in the superiority of Germans whom they claimed to be part of the [[Aryan race|Aryan]] "[[master race]]" ({{lang|de|Herrenvolk}}). However, he also accused international capitalism of being a Jewish-dominated movement and denounced capitalists for war profiteering in World War I.{{sfn|Spector|2004|p=137}} Drexler saw the political violence and instability in Germany as the result of the [[Weimar Republic]] being out-of-touch with the masses, especially the lower classes.{{sfn|Spector|2004|p=137}} Drexler emphasised the need for a synthesis of {{lang|de|völkisch}} nationalism with a form of economic [[Preussentum und Sozialismus|socialism]], in order to create a popular nationalist-oriented workers' movement that could challenge the rise of communism and [[internationalism (politics)|internationalist politics]].{{sfn|Griffen|1995|p=105}} These were all well-known themes popular with various [[Weimar paramilitary groups]] such as the {{lang|de|[[Freikorps]]}}.

[[File:NSDAP-Logo.svg|thumb|left|upright|Nazi Party badge emblem]]

Drexler's movement received attention and support from some influential figures. Supporter [[Dietrich Eckart]], a well-to-do journalist, brought military figure [[Felix Graf von Bothmer]], a prominent supporter of the concept of "national socialism", to address the movement.{{sfn|Abel|2012|p=55}} Later in 1918, [[Karl Harrer]] (a journalist and member of the [[Thule Society]]) convinced Drexler and several others to form the {{lang|de|[[Politischer Arbeiter-Zirkel]]}} (Political Workers' Circle).{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=82}} The members met periodically for discussions with themes of nationalism and racism directed against Jewish people.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=82}} In December 1918, Drexler decided that a new political party should be formed, based on the political principles that he endorsed, by combining his branch of the Workers' Committee for a good Peace with the Political Workers' Circle.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Carlsten|1982|p=91}}

On 5 January 1919, Drexler created a new political party and proposed it should be named the "German Socialist Workers' Party", but Harrer objected to the term "socialist"; so the term was removed and the party was named the [[German Workers' Party]] ({{lang|de|Deutsche Arbeiterpartei}}, DAP).{{sfn|Carlsten|1982|p=91}} To ease concerns among potential middle-class supporters, Drexler made clear that unlike Marxists the party supported the middle-class and that its socialist policy was meant to give [[social welfare provision|social welfare]] to German citizens deemed part of the Aryan race.{{sfn|Spector|2004|p=137}} They became one of many [[völkisch movement|''völkisch'' movements]] that existed in Germany. Like other {{lang|de|völkisch}} groups, the DAP advocated the belief that through [[Profit sharing|profit-sharing]] instead of [[socialization (economics)|socialisation]] Germany should become a unified "people's community" ({{lang|de|Volksgemeinschaft}}) rather than a society divided along class and party lines.{{sfn|Fest|1979|pp=37–38}} This ideology was explicitly antisemitic. As early as 1920, the party was raising money by selling a tobacco called {{lang|de|Anti-Semit}}.{{sfn|van der Vat|1997|p=30}}

From the outset, the DAP was opposed to non-nationalist political movements, especially on the left, including the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD) and the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (KPD). Members of the DAP saw themselves as fighting against "[[Bolsheviks|Bolshevism]]" and anyone considered a part of or aiding so-called "[[Antisemitic canard|international Jewry]]". The DAP was also deeply opposed to the [[Treaty of Versailles]].{{sfn|Shirer|1991|p=33}} The DAP did not attempt to make itself public and meetings were kept in relative secrecy, with public speakers discussing what they thought of Germany's present [[State of affairs (sociology)|state of affairs]], or writing to like-minded societies in [[Northern Germany]].{{sfn|Fest|1979|pp=37–38}}

[[File:Nsdap01.jpg|thumb|upright|NSDAP membership book]]

The DAP was a comparatively small group with fewer than 60 members.{{sfn|Fest|1979|pp=37–38}} Nevertheless, it attracted the attention of the German authorities, who were suspicious of any organisation that appeared to have subversive tendencies. In July 1919, while stationed in [[Munich]], army {{lang|de|[[Gefreiter]]}} [[Adolf Hitler]] was appointed a {{lang|de|Verbindungsmann}} (intelligence agent) of an {{lang|de|Aufklärungskommando}} (reconnaissance unit) of the {{lang|de|[[Reichswehr]]}} (army) by [[Karl Mayr|Captain Mayr]], the head of the ''Education and Propaganda Department'' (Dept Ib/P) in [[Bavaria]]. Hitler was assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the DAP.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|pp=71–82}} While Hitler was initially unimpressed by the meetings and found them disorganised, he enjoyed the discussion that took place.{{sfn|Childers|2001a|loc=23:00–24:30}} While attending a party meeting on 12 September 1919 at Munich's [[Sterneckerbräu]], Hitler became involved in a heated argument with a visitor, Professor Baumann, who questioned the soundness of [[Gottfried Feder]]'s arguments against capitalism; Baumann proposed that Bavaria should break away from [[Prussia]] and found a new South German nation with [[Austria]]. In vehemently attacking the man's arguments, Hitler made an impression on the other party members with his oratorical skills; according to Hitler, the "professor" left the hall acknowledging unequivocal defeat.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=75}} Drexler encouraged him to join the DAP.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=75}} On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=170}} and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party).{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|pp=75, 76}}{{sfn|Mitcham|1996|p=67}} Among the party's earlier members were [[Ernst Röhm]] of the Army's District Command VII; Dietrich Eckart, who has been called the spiritual father of National Socialism;{{sfn|Blamires|2006|p=185}} then-[[University of Munich]] student [[Rudolf Hess]];{{sfn|Shirer|1991|p=43}} {{lang|de|Freikorps}} soldier [[Hans Frank]]; and [[Alfred Rosenberg]], often credited as the philosopher of the movement. All were later prominent in the Nazi regime.{{sfn|Jaman|1956|p=88}}

Hitler later claimed to be the seventh party member. He was, in fact, the seventh executive member of the party's central committee{{sfn|Rees|2006|p=23}} and he would later wear the [[Golden Party Badge]] number one. Anton Drexler drafted a letter to Hitler in 1940—which was never sent—that contradicts Hitler's later claim:
{{blockquote|No one knows better than you yourself, my Führer, that you were never the seventh member of the party, but at best the seventh member of the committee... And a few years ago I had to complain to a party office that your first proper membership card of the DAP, bearing the signatures of Schüssler and myself, was falsified, with the number 555 being erased and number 7 entered.{{sfn|Kershaw|1998|p=127}}}}

Although Hitler initially wanted to form his own party, he claimed to have been convinced to join the DAP because it was small and he could eventually become its leader.{{sfn|Kershaw|1998|p=126}} He consequently encouraged the organisation to become less of a debating society, which it had been previously, and more of an active political party.{{sfn|Childers|2001a|loc=15:00–25:00}} Normally, enlisted army personnel were not allowed to join political parties. In this case, Hitler had Captain [[Karl Mayr]]'s permission to join the DAP. Further, Hitler was allowed to stay in the army and receive his weekly pay of 20 gold marks a week.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=76}} Unlike many other members of the organisation, this continued employment provided him with enough money to dedicate himself more fully to the DAP.{{sfn|Childers|2001a|loc=24:00–25:00}}

Hitler's first DAP speech was held in the [[Hofbräukeller]] on 16 October 1919. He was the second speaker of the evening, and spoke to 111 people.{{sfn|Kershaw|1998|p=140}} Hitler later declared that this was when he realised he could really "make a good speech".{{sfn|Fest|1979|pp=37–38}} At first, Hitler spoke only to relatively small groups, but his considerable oratory and propaganda skills were appreciated by the party leadership. With the support of Anton Drexler, Hitler became chief of propaganda for the party in early 1920.{{sfn|Jaman|1956|p=89}} Hitler began to make the party more public, and organised its biggest meeting yet of 2,000 people on 24 February 1920 in the {{lang|de|[[Hofbräuhaus am Platzl|Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München]]}}. Such was the significance of this particular move in publicity that [[Karl Harrer]] resigned from the party in disagreement.{{sfn|Shirer|1991|p=36}} It was in this speech that Hitler enunciated the [[National Socialist Program#German Party program|twenty-five points of the German Workers' Party manifesto]] that had been drawn up by Drexler, Feder and himself.{{sfn|Shirer|1991|p=37}} Through these points he gave the organisation a much bolder stratagem{{sfn|Jaman|1956|p=89}} with a clear foreign policy (abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, a [[German question|Greater Germany]], Eastern expansion and exclusion of Jews from citizenship) and among his specific points were: confiscation of [[War profiteering|war profits]], abolition of unearned incomes, the State to share profits of land and land for national needs to be taken away without compensation.{{sfn|Johnson|1984|p=133}} In general, the manifesto was [[antisemitic]], [[anti-capitalist]], [[Aristocracy (class)|anti-democratic]], [[anti-Marxist]] and [[Fascism|anti-liberal]].{{sfn|Fest|1979|p=42}} To increase its appeal to larger segments of the population, on the same day as Hitler's {{lang|de|Hofbräuhaus}} speech on 24 February 1920, the DAP changed its name to the {{lang|de|Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei}} ("National Socialist German Workers' Party", or Nazi Party).{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=87}}{{sfn|Zentner|Bedürftig|1997|p=629}}{{efn|Some sources say the name change happened on 1 April 1920.{{sfn|Carruthers|2015|p=?}}{{sfn|Lepage|2009|p=9}}}} The name was intended to draw upon both left-wing and right-wing ideals, with "Socialist" and "Workers'" appealing to the left, and "National" and "German" appealing to the right.<ref name="Childers DAP 2">{{Cite episode| title= The Weimar Republic and the Rise of the Nazi Party | url= https://www.wondrium.com/a-history-of-hitlers-empire-2nd-edition|access-date=27 March 2023| series= A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition| first= Thomas| last= Childers| author-link= Thomas Childers| publisher= [[The Great Courses]] | date= 2001| number= 3 | time= 26:00–31:04| language= English}}</ref> The word "Socialist" was added by the party's executive committee (at the suggestion of [[Rudolf Jung]]), over Hitler's initial objections,{{Efn|Hitler's original name suggested was the Social Revolutionary Party ({{langx|de|link=no|Sozialrevolutionäre Partei}}).<ref>[[Konrad Heiden]], "Les débuts du national-socialisme", Revue d'Allemagne, VII, No. 71 (Sept. 15, 1933), p. 821.</ref>}} in order to help appeal to left-wing workers.{{sfn|Mitcham|1996|p=68}}

In 1920, the Nazi Party officially announced that only persons of "pure Aryan descent [{{lang|de|rein arischer Abkunft}}]" could become party members and if the person had a spouse, the spouse also had to be a "racially pure" Aryan. Party members could not be related either directly or indirectly to a so-called "non-Aryan".{{sfn|Ehrenreich|2007|p=58}} Even before it had become legally forbidden by the [[Nuremberg Laws]] in 1935, the Nazis banned sexual relations and marriages between party members and Jews.{{sfn|Weikart|2009|p=142}} Party members found guilty of {{lang|de|[[Rassenschande]]}} ("racial defilement") were persecuted heavily. Some members were even sentenced to death.{{sfn|Gordon|1984|p=265}}

Hitler quickly became the party's most active orator, appearing in public as a speaker 31 times within the first year after his self-discovery.{{sfn|Fest|1979|p=39}} Crowds began to flock to hear his speeches.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=89}} Hitler always spoke about the same subjects: the Treaty of Versailles and [[the Jewish question]].{{sfn|Fest|1979|p=42}} This deliberate technique and effective publicising of the party contributed significantly to his early success,{{sfn|Fest|1979|p=42}} about which a contemporary poster wrote: "Since Herr Hitler is a brilliant speaker, we can hold out the prospect of an extremely exciting evening".{{sfn|Franz-Willing|2001|p=?}}{{Page needed|date=June 2020}} Over the following months, the party continued to attract new members,{{sfn|Rees|2006|p=23}} while remaining too small to have any real significance in German politics.{{sfn|Shirer|1991|p=38}} By the end of the year, party membership was recorded at 2,000,{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=89}} many of whom Hitler and Röhm had brought into the party personally, or for whom Hitler's oratory had been their reason for joining.{{sfn|Fest|1979|p=40}}

[[File:Hitler's DAP membership card.png|thumb|left|Hitler's membership card in the DAP (later NSDAP). The membership number (7) was altered from the original.]]

Hitler's talent as an orator and his ability to draw new members, combined with his characteristic ruthlessness, soon made him the dominant figure. However, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin in June 1921, a mutiny broke out within the party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the rival [[German Socialist Party]] (DSP).{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|pp=100, 101}} Upon returning to Munich on 11 July, Hitler angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that his resignation would mean the end of the party.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=102}} Hitler announced he would rejoin on condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=103}} The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the NSDAP, as his opponents had [[Hermann Esser]] expelled from the party and they printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=103}} In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself and Esser to thunderous applause.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|pp=83, 103}}

Hitler's strategy proved successful; at a special party congress on 29 July 1921, he replaced Drexler as party chairman by a vote of 533{{nbsp}}to{{nbsp}}1.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|pp=83, 103}} The committee was dissolved, and Hitler was granted nearly absolute powers in the party as its sole leader.{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|pp=83, 103}} He would hold the post for the remainder of his life. Hitler soon acquired the title {{lang|de|[[Führer]]}} ("leader") and after a series of sharp internal conflicts it was accepted that the party would be governed by the {{lang|de|[[Führerprinzip]]}} ("leader principle"). Under this principle, the party was a highly centralised entity that functioned strictly from the top down, with Hitler at the apex. Hitler saw the party as a revolutionary organisation, whose aim was the overthrow of the [[Weimar Republic]], which he saw as controlled by the socialists, Jews and the "[[Stab-in-the-back legend|November criminals]]", a term invented to describe alleged elements of society who had 'betrayed the German soldiers' in 1918. The [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] ("storm troopers", also known as "Brownshirts") were founded as a party militia in 1921 and began violent attacks on other parties.

[[File:Erstausgabe von Mein Kampf.jpg|thumb|{{lang|de|[[Mein Kampf]]}} in its first edition cover]]

For Hitler, the twin goals of the party were always German nationalist expansionism and [[antisemitism]]. These two goals were fused in his mind by his belief that Germany's external enemies—Britain, France and the Soviet Union—were controlled by the Jews and that Germany's future wars of national expansion would necessarily entail a war of annihilation against them.{{sfn|Hakim|1995|p=?}}{{Page needed|date=June 2020}} For Hitler and his principal lieutenants, national and racial issues were always dominant. This was symbolised by the adoption as the party emblem of the [[swastika]]. In German nationalist circles, the swastika was considered a symbol of an "[[Aryan race]]" and it symbolised the replacement of the Christian Cross with allegiance to a National Socialist State.

The Nazi Party grew significantly during 1921 and 1922, partly through Hitler's oratorical skills, partly through the SA's appeal to unemployed young men, and partly because there was a backlash against socialist and liberal politics in Bavaria as Germany's economic problems deepened and the weakness of the Weimar regime became apparent. The party recruited former World War&nbsp;I soldiers, to whom Hitler as a decorated frontline veteran could particularly appeal, as well as small businessmen and disaffected former members of rival parties. Nazi rallies were often held in beer halls, where downtrodden men could get free beer. The [[Hitler Youth]] was formed for the children of party members. The party also formed groups in other parts of Germany. [[Julius Streicher]] in [[Nuremberg]] was an early recruit and became editor of the racist magazine {{lang|de|[[Der Stürmer]]}}. In December 1920, the Nazi Party had acquired a newspaper, the {{lang|de|[[Völkischer Beobachter]]}}, of which its leading ideologist Alfred Rosenberg became editor. Others to join the party around this time were [[Heinrich Himmler]] and World War I flying ace [[Hermann Göring]].

==== Adoption of Italian fascism: The Beer Hall Putsch ====
On 31 October 1922, a [[fascist]] party with similar policies and objectives came into power in Italy, the [[National Fascist Party]], under the leadership of the charismatic [[Benito Mussolini]]. The Fascists, like the Nazis, promoted a national rebirth of their country, as they opposed communism and liberalism; appealed to the working-class; opposed the [[Treaty of Versailles]]; and advocated the territorial expansion of their country. Hitler was inspired by Mussolini and the Fascists, beginning to adopt elements of their program for the Nazi Party and himself.{{sfn|Kershaw|2000|p=182}} The Italian Fascists also used a straight-armed [[Roman salute]] and wore black-shirted uniforms; Hitler would later borrow their use of the straight-armed salute as a [[Nazi salute]].

When the Fascists took control of Italy through their [[coup d'état]] called the "[[March on Rome]]", Hitler began planning his own coup less than a month later.{{sfn|Kershaw|2000|p=182}} In January 1923, France occupied the [[Ruhr]] industrial region as a result of Germany's failure to meet its [[World War I reparations|reparations]] payments. This led to economic chaos, the resignation of [[Wilhelm Cuno]]'s government and an attempt by the German Communist Party (KPD) to stage a revolution. The reaction to these events was an upsurge of nationalist sentiment. Nazi Party membership grew sharply to about 20,000,{{sfn|Kershaw|2008|p=110}} compared to the approximate 6,000 at the beginning of 1923.{{sfn|Childers|2001a|loc=29:00–30:00}} By November 1923, Hitler had decided that the time was right for an attempt to seize power in Munich, in the hope that the {{lang|de|Reichswehr}} (the post-war German military) would mutiny against the Berlin government and join his revolt. In this, he was influenced by former General [[Erich Ludendorff]], who had become a supporter—though not a member—of the Nazis.{{sfn|Jablonsky|1989|pp=20–26, 30}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486,_Hitler-Putsch,_München,_Marienplatz.jpg|left|thumb|Nazis during the [[Beer Hall Putsch]] in Munich]]
On the night of 8 November, the Nazis used a patriotic rally in a Munich beer hall to launch an attempted {{lang|de|putsch}} ("coup d'état"). This so-called [[Beer Hall Putsch]] attempt failed almost at once when the local {{lang|de|Reichswehr}} commanders refused to support it. On the morning of 9 November, the Nazis staged a march of about 2,000 supporters through Munich in an attempt to rally support. The two groups exchanged fire, after which 15 putschists, four police officers, and a bystander lay dead.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=112}}<ref name="H2">[[Hanns Hubert Hofmann]]: ''Der Hitlerputsch. Krisenjahre deutschen Geschichte 1920–1924''. Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung, München 1961, S. 211, 272; als ''Karl Kulm'' bei [[Hans Günter Hockerts]]: ''„Hauptstadt der Bewegung“''. In: Richard Bauer et al. (Hrsg.): ''München – „Hauptstadt der Bewegung“. Bayerns Metropole und der Nationalsozialismus''. 2. Auflage. Edition Minerva, München 2002, S. 355&nbsp;f.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-11 |title=Einsatz für Freiheit und Demokratie |url=https://www.stmi.bayern.de/med/aktuell/archiv/2013/20131109demokratie/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611133949/https://www.stmi.bayern.de/med/aktuell/archiv/2013/20131109demokratie/ |archive-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hitler, Ludendorff and a number of others were arrested and were tried for treason in March 1924. Hitler and his associates were given very lenient prison sentences. While Hitler was in prison, he wrote his semi-autobiographical political manifesto {{lang|de|[[Mein Kampf]]}} ("My Struggle").

The Nazi Party was banned on 9 November 1923; however, with the support of the nationalist [[Völkisch-Social Bloc]] ({{lang|de|Völkisch-Sozialer Block}}), it continued to operate under the name "German Party" ({{lang|de|Deutsche Partei}} or DP) from 1924 to 1925.{{sfn|Jablonsky|1989|p=57}} The Nazis failed to remain unified in the DP, as in the north, the right-wing [[Völkisch movement|Volkish]] nationalist supporters of the Nazis moved to the new [[German Völkisch Freedom Party]], leaving the north's left-wing Nazi members, such as [[Joseph Goebbels]] retaining support for the party.{{sfn|Jablonsky|1989|p=57}}