Editing Nature (journal) (section)

===Creation ===
[[File:Nature cover, November 4, 1869.jpg|thumb|right|upright|First title page, 4 November 1869]]
Not long after the conclusion of ''The Reader'', a former editor, [[Norman Lockyer]], decided to create a new scientific journal titled ''Nature'',<ref name="B248">{{harvnb|Browne|2002|p=248}}</ref> taking its name from a line by [[William Wordsworth]]: "To the solid ground of nature trusts the Mind that builds for aye".<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/145/ww698.html Poem: "A Volant Tribe of Bards on earth are found"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205170418/http://www.bartleby.com/145/ww698.html |date=5 December 2017 }}. Bartleby.com. Retrieved on 20 June 2013.</ref> First owned and published by [[Alexander Macmillan (publisher)|Alexander Macmillan]], ''Nature'' was similar to its predecessors in its attempt to "provide cultivated readers with an accessible forum for reading about advances in scientific knowledge."<ref name="B248"/> Janet Browne has proposed that "far more than any other science journal of the period, ''Nature'' was conceived, born, and raised to serve polemic purpose."<ref name="B248"/> Many of the early editions of ''Nature'' consisted of articles written by members of a group that called itself the [[X Club]], a group of scientists known for having liberal, progressive, and somewhat controversial scientific beliefs for their time.<ref name="B248"/> Initiated by [[Thomas Henry Huxley]], the group consisted of such important scientists as [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]], [[Herbert Spencer]], and [[John Tyndall]], along with another five scientists and mathematicians; these scientists were all avid supporters of [[Darwinism|Darwin's theory of evolution]] as [[common descent]], a theory which, during the latter half of the 19th century, received a great deal of criticism among more conservative groups of scientists.<ref>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|p=247}}</ref> Perhaps it was in part its scientific liberality that made ''Nature'' a longer-lasting success than its predecessors. [[John Maddox]], editor of ''Nature'' from 1966 to 1973 and from 1980 to 1995, suggested at a celebratory dinner for the journal's centennial edition that perhaps it was the journalistic qualities of Nature that drew readers in; "journalism" Maddox states, "is a way of creating a sense of community among people who would otherwise be isolated from each other. This is what Lockyer's journal did from the start."<ref name="Dinner">{{cite journal |last1=Maddox |first1=John |last2=Macmillan |first2=Harold |title=The 'Nature' Centenary Dinner |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |date=1970 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1970.0002 |jstor=530861 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition, Maddox mentions that the financial backing of the journal in its first years by the Macmillan family also allowed the journal to flourish and develop more freely than scientific journals before it.<ref name="Dinner"/>
 
====Editors====
[[Norman Lockyer]], the founder of ''Nature'', was a professor at [[Imperial College]]. He was succeeded as editor in 1919 by [[Sir Richard Gregory, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Gregory]].<ref name="NPG">{{cite web |url=https://nature.com/npg_/company_info/timeline1.html#/nature/history/timeline_1860s.html |title=Nature Research: History |website=Nature |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115084545/http://npg.nature.com/npg/servlet/Content?data=xml%2F02_history.xml&style=xml%2F02_history.xsl#/nature/history/timeline_1860s.html |archive-date=15 November 2006 |access-date=6 December 2018 }}</ref> Gregory helped to establish ''Nature'' in the international scientific community. His obituary by the Royal Society stated: "Gregory was always very interested in the international contacts of science, and in the columns of ''Nature'' he always gave generous space to accounts of the activities of the International Scientific Unions."<ref>{{cite journal |title=Richard Arman Gregory, 1864–1952 |journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society |date=January 1997 |volume=8 |issue=22 |pages=410–417 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1953.0007 |doi-access=free }}</ref> During the years 1945 to 1973, editorship of ''Nature'' changed three times, first in 1945 to A. J. V. Gale and [[L. J. F. Brimble]] (who in 1958 became the sole editor), then to [[John Maddox]] in 1965, and finally to [[David 'Dai' Davies|David Davies]] in 1973.<ref name="NPG"/> In 1980, Maddox returned as editor and retained his position until 1995. [[Philip Campbell (scientist)|Philip Campbell]] became Editor-in-chief of all ''Nature'' publications until 2018. [[Magdalena Skipper]] has since become Editor-in-chief.<ref name="NPG"/>

====Expansion and development====
In 1970, ''Nature'' first opened its Washington office; other branches opened in New York in 1985, [[Tokyo]] and [[Munich]] in 1987, Paris in 1989, San Francisco in 2001, Boston in 2004, and [[Hong Kong]] in 2005. In 1971, under [[John Maddox]]'s editorship, the journal split into ''Nature Physical Sciences'' (published on Mondays), ''Nature New Biology'' (published on Wednesdays), and ''Nature'' (published on Fridays). In 1974, Maddox was no longer editor, and the journals were merged into ''Nature''.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/nature/about/history-of-nature |website=Nature }}</ref> Starting in the 1980s, the journal underwent a great deal of expansion, launching over ten new journals. These new journals comprise Nature Research, which was created in 1999 under the name Nature Publishing Group and includes ''Nature'', [[List of Nature Research journals|Nature Research Journals]], Stockton Press Specialist Journals and Macmillan Reference (renamed NPG Reference). In 1996, ''Nature'' created its own website<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.nature.com/npg_/company_info/timeline2.html|title = Branching out (1970–1999)|access-date = 13 November 2014 |publisher = Nature Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629183906/http://www.nature.com/npg_/company_info/timeline2.html |archive-date=June 29, 2007 }}</ref> and in 1999 Nature Publishing Group began its series of ''Nature Reviews''.<ref name="NPG" /> Some articles and papers are available for free on the Nature website, while others require the purchase of premium access to the site. {{As of|2012}}, ''Nature'' claimed an online readership of about 3 million unique readers per month.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |title=Announcement: A new iPad app for Nature readers |journal=Nature |date=12 December 2012 |volume=492 |issue=7428 |pages=154 |doi=10.1038/492154a |doi-access=free }}</ref>

On 30 October 2008, ''Nature'' endorsed an American presidential candidate for the first time when it supported [[Barack Obama]] during his campaign in [[2008 United States presidential election|America's 2008 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=America's choice |journal=Nature |date=29 October 2008 |volume=455 |issue=7217 |pages=1149 |doi=10.1038/4551149a |pmid=18971969 |bibcode=2008Natur.455Q1149. |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Angliss |url=http://www.scholarsandrogues.com/2008/10/31/nature-endorses-obama/ |title=Weekly science journal ''Nature'' endorses a presidential candidate: Barack Obama (updated) |website=Scholars & Rogues |date=31 October 2008 |access-date=2017-11-04}}</ref> In October 2012, an [[Nature Arabic Edition|Arabic edition]] of the magazine was launched in partnership with [[King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology]]. As of the time it was released, it had about 10,000 subscribers.<ref name="NatureME">{{cite journal |last1=Yahia |first1=Mohammed |title=Nature Arabic Edition launches |journal=Nature Middle East |date=18 October 2012 |doi=10.1038/nmiddleeast.2012.149 }}</ref> On 2 December 2014, ''Nature'' announced that it would allow its subscribers and a group of selected media outlets to share links allowing free, "read-only" access to content from its journals. These articles are presented using the [[digital rights management]] system [[ReadCube]] (which is funded by the Macmillan subsidiary Digital Science), and does not allow readers to download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute the content. While it does, to an extent, provide free online access to articles, it is not a true [[open access]] scheme due to its restrictions on re-use and distribution.<ref name="wired-naturefreeview">{{cite web|title=Nature journal subscribers can now share article links globally|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-12/02/nature-publishing|website=Wired.co.uk|access-date=3 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202182430/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-12/02/nature-publishing|archive-date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="guardian-npgreadonly">{{cite news |last1=Yuhas |first1=Alan |title=Science journal Nature to make archives available online |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/02/nature-archives-free |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2 December 2014 }}</ref> On 15 January 2015, details of a proposed merger with Springer Science+Business Media were announced.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schuetze |first1=Arno |title=Nature magazine publisher to merge with Springer Science |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/publishing-ma/nature-magazine-publisher-to-merge-with-springer-science-idUSF9N0TV00F20150115 |work=Reuters |date=15 January 2015 }}</ref>

In May 2015 it came under the umbrella of [[Springer Nature]], by the merger of [[Springer Science+Business Media]] and [[Holtzbrinck Publishing Group]]'s [[Nature Publishing Group]], [[Palgrave Macmillan]], and [[Macmillan Education]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/about-springer/media/press-releases/corporate/springer-nature-created-following-merger-completion/256626 |title=Springer Nature created following merger completion |date=6 May 2015 |publisher=Springer}}</ref> Since 2011, the journal has published [[Nature's 10]] "people who mattered" during the year, as part of their annual review.<ref name=n10>{{cite journal |last1=Gibney |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Callaway |first2=Ewen |last3=Cyranoski |first3=David |last4=Gaind |first4=Nisha |last5=Tollefson |first5=Jeff |last6=Courtland |first6=Rachel |last7=Law |first7=Yao-Hua |last8=Maher |first8=Brendan |last9=Else |first9=Holly |last10=Castelvecchi |first10=Davide |title=Nature's 10: Ten people who mattered in science in 2018 |journal=Nature |date=18 December 2018 |volume=564 |issue=7736 |pages=325–335 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-07683-5 |pmid=30563976 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..325G |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=n102011>{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Declan |last2=Callaway |first2=Ewen |last3=Check Hayden |first3=Erika |last4=Cyranoski |first4=David |last5=Hand |first5=Eric |last6=Nosengo |first6=Nicola |last7=Samuel Reich |first7=Eugenie |last8=Tollefson |first8=Jeff |last9=Yahia |first9=Mohammed |title=365 days: Nature's 10 |journal=Nature |date=21 December 2011 |volume=480 |issue=7378 |pages=437–445 |doi=10.1038/480437a |pmid=22193082 |bibcode=2011Natur.480..437B |doi-access=free }}</ref>