Editing Natural history (section)

===Since 1900===
[[File:Lycee Michelet Vanves bibliotheque collection histoire naturelle.jpg|thumb|left|A natural history collection in a French public secondary school]]

Modern definitions of natural history come from a variety of fields and sources, and many of the modern definitions emphasize a particular aspect of the field, creating a plurality of definitions with a number of common themes among them. For example, while natural history is most often defined as a type of observation and a subject of study, it can also be defined as a body of knowledge, and as a craft or a practice, in which the emphasis is placed more on the observer than on the observed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fleischner |first=Thomas Lowe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iPrCAAAQBAJ |title=The Way of Natural History |date=2011-05-01 |publisher=Trinity University Press |isbn=978-1-59534-074-0 |language=en}}</ref>

Definitions from biologists often focus on the scientific study of individual organisms in their environment, as seen in this definition by Marston Bates: "Natural history is the study of animals and Plants—of organisms. ... I like to think, then, of natural history as the study of life at the level of the individual—of what plants and animals do, how they react to each other and their environment, how they are organized into larger groupings like populations and communities"<ref>Marston Bates, ''The nature of natural history'', Scribners, 1954.</ref> and this more recent definition by D.S. Wilcove and T. Eisner: "The close observation of organisms—their origins, their evolution, their behavior, and their relationships with other species".<ref>D. S Wilcove and T. Eisner, "The impending extinction of natural history," Chronicle of Higher Education 15 (2000): B24</ref>

This focus on organisms in their environment is also echoed by H.W. Greene and J.B. Losos: "Natural history focuses on where organisms are and what they do in their environment, including interactions with other organisms. It encompasses changes in internal states insofar as they pertain to what organisms do".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Greene |first1=Harry W. |last2=Losos |first2=Jonathan B. |date=1988 |title=Systematics, Natural History, and Conservation: Field Biologists Must Fight a Public-Image Problem |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1310949 |journal=BioScience |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=458–462 |doi=10.2307/1310949 |jstor=1310949 |issn=0006-3568}}</ref>

Some definitions go further, focusing on direct observation of organisms in their environments, both past and present, such as this one by G.A. Bartholomew: "A student of natural history, or a naturalist, studies the world by observing plants and animals directly. Because organisms are functionally inseparable from the environment in which they live and because their structure and function cannot be adequately interpreted without knowing some of their evolutionary history, the study of natural history embraces the study of fossils as well as physiographic and other aspects of the physical environment".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bartholomew |first=George A. |date=1986 |title=The Role of Natural History in Contemporary Biology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1310237 |journal=BioScience |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=324–329 |doi=10.2307/1310237 |jstor=1310237 |issn=0006-3568}}</ref>

A common thread in many definitions of natural history is the inclusion of a descriptive component, as seen in a recent definition by H.W. Greene: "Descriptive ecology and ethology".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=Harry W. |date=2005-01-01 |title=Organisms in nature as a central focus for biology |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534704003350 |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=23–27 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2004.11.005 |pmid=16701336 |issn=0169-5347}}</ref> Several authors have argued for a more expansive view of natural history, including S. Herman, who defines the field as "the scientific study of plants and animals in their natural environments. It is concerned with levels of organization from the individual organism to the ecosystem, and stresses identification, life history, distribution, abundance, and inter-relationships. It often and appropriately includes an esthetic component",<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herman |first=Steven G. |date=2002 |title=Wildlife Biology and Natural History: Time for a Reunion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802927 |journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=933–946 |doi=10.2307/3802927 |jstor=3802927 |issn=0022-541X}}</ref> and T. Fleischner, who defines the field even more broadly, as "A practice of intentional, focused attentiveness and receptivity to the more-than-human world, guided by honesty and accuracy".<ref>T. L. Fleischner, "Natural history and the spiral of offering", Wild Earth 11, no. 3/4 (2002): 10–13</ref> These definitions explicitly include the arts in the field of natural history, and are aligned with the broad definition outlined by B. Lopez, who defines the field as the "Patient interrogation of a landscape" while referring to the natural history knowledge of the Eskimo ([[Inuit]]).<ref>Barry Lopez, ''Arctic Dreams'', Vintage, 1986.</ref>

A slightly different framework for natural history, covering a similar range of themes, is also implied in the scope of work encompassed by many leading [[natural history museum]]s, which often include elements of anthropology, geology, paleontology, and astronomy along with botany and zoology,<ref>American Museum of Natural History, [http://www.amnh.org/about/ Mission Statement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604145807/http://www.amnh.org/about/ |date=2011-06-04 }}</ref><ref>Field Museum, [http://fieldmuseum.org/about/mission Mission Statement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103185243/http://fieldmuseum.org/about/mission |date=2012-01-03 }}</ref> or include both cultural and natural components of the world.<ref>The Natural History Museum, [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/index.html Mission Statement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227181412/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/index.html |date=2014-12-27 }}</ref>

The plurality of definitions for this field has been recognized as both a weakness and a strength, and a range of definitions has recently been offered by practitioners in a recent collection of views on natural history.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120710211403/http://declinetorebirth.org/conversations/an-accepted-way-of-viewing-art An Accepted Way of Viewing Art]</ref>