Editing National park (section)

==History==
===Early references===
Starting in 1735 the [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples government]] undertook laws to protect Natural areas, which could be used as a [[game reserve]] by the royal family; [[Procida]] was the first protected site;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fondazionecariforli.it/downloads/files/3-La-regia-caccia-di-torre-guevara-nel-settecento.pdf|author=Angela de Sario|title=La "Regia Caccia" Di Torre Guevara Nel Settecento|website=Fondazionecariforli.it|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022120321/https://www.fondazionecariforli.it/downloads/files/3-La-regia-caccia-di-torre-guevara-nel-settecento.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> the difference between the many previous royal hunting preserves and this one, which is considered to be closer to a Park rather than a hunting preserve,<ref>Museo privato Agriturismo Maria Sofia di Borbone, Azienda Agricola Le Tre Querce, Seminara, Calabria, organised by the Study Centre for Environmental Education in the Mediterranean Area of Reggio, Italy</ref> is that Neapolitan government already considered the division into the present-day wilderness areas and non-strict nature reserves.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

In 1810, the English poet [[William Wordsworth]] described the [[Lake District]] as a "sort of national property, in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy."<ref>{{cite book|last=Wordsworth|first=William|author-link=William Wordsworth|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_idlAAAAAYAAJ|quote=sort of national property in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy.|title=A guide through the district of the lakes in the north of England with a description of the scenery, &c. for the use of tourists and residents|edition=5th|location=Kendal, England|publisher=Hudson and Nicholson|year=1835|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_idlAAAAAYAAJ/page/n122 88]}}</ref> The painter [[George Catlin]], in his travels through the [[American West]], wrote during the 1830s that [[Native Americans in the United States]] might be preserved "(by some great protecting policy of government) ... in a ''magnificent park'' ... A ''nation's Park'', containing man and beast, in all the wild and freshness of their nature's beauty!"<ref>{{cite book|last=Catlin|first=George|author-link=George Catlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MA4TAAAAYAAJ&q=%7C%28by+some+great+protecting+policy+of+government%29|title=Letters and Notes on the manners, customs, and condition of the North American Indians: written during eight years' travel amongst the wildest tribes of Indians in North America in 1832, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39|volume=1|year=1841|location=Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, London|publisher=Published by the author|pages=261–262|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501132843/https://books.google.com/books?id=MA4TAAAAYAAJ&q=%7C(by+some+great+protecting+policy+of+government)#v=snippet&q=%7C(by%20some%20great%20protecting%20policy%20of%20government)&f=false|archive-date=1 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===First efforts: Hot Springs, Arkansas and Yosemite Valley===
[[File:Tunnel View, Yosemite Valley, Yosemite NP - Diliff.jpg|thumb|[[Yosemite Valley]], [[Yosemite National Park]], California, United States]]
The first effort by the U.S. Federal government to set aside such protected lands was on 20 April 1832, when President [[Andrew Jackson]] signed legislation that the [[22nd United States Congress]] had enacted to set aside four sections of land around what is now [[Hot Springs, Arkansas]], to protect the natural, [[thermal spring]]s and adjoining mountainsides for the future disposal of the U.S.&nbsp;government.<ref name=Shugart>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/hosp/historyculture/upload/chronology.web.pdf |title=Hot Springs of Arkansas Through the Years: A Chronology of Events |access-date=30 March 2008 |last=Shugart |first=Sharon |year=2004 |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414015510/http://www.nps.gov/hosp/historyculture/upload/chronology.web.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://constitution.org/uslaw/sal/004_statutes_at_large.pdf|chapter=Twenty-Second Congress, Session 1, Chap. 70: An Act authorizing the governor of the territory of Arkansas to lease the salt springs, in said territory, and for other purposes (April 20, 1832)|title=The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to 3 March 1845, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America from December 1863, to December 1865|editor=Peters, Richard|volume=4|location=Boston|publisher=Charles C. Little and James Brown|page=505|year=1866|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115233149/http://constitution.org/uslaw/sal/004_statutes_at_large.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Act Establishing Yellowstone National Park (1872)|url=http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=45|website=Our Documents.gov|access-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200955/http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=45|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was known as [[Hot Springs National Park|Hot Springs Reservation]], but no legal authority was established. Federal control of the area was not clearly established until 1877.<ref name=Shugart/> The work of important leaders who fought for animal and land conservation were essential in the development of legal action. Some of these leaders include President Abraham Lincoln, Laurance Rockefeller, President Theodore Roosevelt, John Muir, and First Lady [[Lady Bird Johnson]] to name a few.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mission & History|url=https://www.nationalparks.org/about-foundation/mission-history|access-date=2022-02-11|website=National Park Foundation|language=en|archive-date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214234521/https://www.nationalparks.org/about-foundation/mission-history|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[John Muir]] is today referred to as the "Father of the National Parks" due to his work in Yosemite.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Barbara Kiely|title=John Muir|publisher=Gareth Stevens|year=2008|page=10|isbn=978-0836883183}}</ref> He published two influential articles in [[The Century Magazine]], which formed the base for the subsequent legislation.<ref>John Muir. [http://www.yosemite.ca.us/john_muir_writings/the_treasures_of_the_yosemite/ "Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102195140/http://www.yosemite.ca.us/john_muir_writings/the_treasures_of_the_yosemite/ |date=2 November 2014 }} ''The Century Magazine'', Vol. XL. September 1890. No. 5</ref><ref>John Muir. [http://www.yosemite.ca.us/john_muir_writings/the_treasures_of_the_yosemite/ "The Treasures of the Yosemite"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102195140/http://www.yosemite.ca.us/john_muir_writings/the_treasures_of_the_yosemite/ |date=2 November 2014 }} ''The Century Magazine'', Vol. XL. August 1890. No. 4</ref>

President [[Abraham Lincoln]] signed an Act of Congress on 1 July 1864, ceding the [[Yosemite Valley]] and the [[Mariposa Grove]] of [[giant sequoia]]s (later becoming [[Yosemite National Park]]) to the state of California. According to this bill, private ownership of the land in this area was no longer possible. The state of California was designated to manage the park for "public use, resort, and recreation". Leases were permitted for up to ten years and the proceeds were to be used for conservation and improvement. A public discussion followed this first legislation of its kind and there was a heated debate over whether the government had the right to create parks. The perceived mismanagement of Yosemite by the Californian state was the reason why Yellowstone was put under national control at its establishment six years later.<ref>Adam Wesley Dean. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141102171047/http://mtw160-198.ippl.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/civil_war_history/v056/56.4.dean.pdf ''Natural Glory in the Midst of War: The Establishment of Yosemite State Park''] In: Abstract. ''Civil War History'', Volume 56, Number 4, December 2010, pp. 386–419 | 10.1353/cwh.2010.0008</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://constitution.org/uslaw/sal/013_statutes_at_large.pdf|page=325|chapter=Thirty-Eighth Congress, Session 1, Chap. 184: An Act authorizing a Grant to the State of California of the "Yo-Semite Valley" and of the Land embracing the "Mariposa Big Tree Grove" (June 30, 1864)|title=38th United States Congress, Session 1, 1864. In: The Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America from December 1863, to December 1865|editor=Sanger, George P.|editor-link=George P. Sanger|volume=13|location=Boston|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|year=1866|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116010746/http://constitution.org/uslaw/sal/013_statutes_at_large.pdf|archive-date=16 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===First national park: Yellowstone===
[[File:Aerial image of Grand Prismatic Spring (view from the south).jpg|thumb|[[Grand Prismatic Spring]] in [[Yellowstone National Park]], Wyoming, United States; Yellowstone was the first national park in the world.]]

In 1872, [[Yellowstone National Park]] was established as the United States' first national park,<ref>Mangan, Elizabeth U. [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/yehtml/yeabout.html Yellowstone, the First National Park from Mapping the National Parks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019090110/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/yehtml/yeabout.html |date=19 October 2013 }}. [[Library of Congress]], Geography and Map Division.</ref> being also the world's first national park. In some European and Asian countries, however, national protection and [[nature reserve]]s already existed - though typically as game reserves and recreational grounds set aside for royalty, such as a part of the [[Forest of Fontainebleau]] (France, 1861).<ref>Kimberly A. Jones, Simon R. Kelly, Sarah Kennel, Helga Kessler-Aurisch, ''In the forest of Fontainebleau: painters and photographers from Corot to Monet'', National Gallery of Art, 2008, p.23</ref>

Yellowstone was part of a [[Territories of the United States|federally governed territory]]. With no state government that could assume stewardship of the land, the federal government took on direct responsibility for the park, the official first national park of the United States. The combined effort and interest of conservationists, politicians and the [[Northern Pacific Railroad]] ensured the passage of enabling legislation by the United States Congress to create Yellowstone National Park. [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and his group of conservationists, the [[Boone and Crockett Club]], were active campaigners and were highly influential in convincing fellow Republicans and big business to back the bill. Yellowstone National Park soon played a pivotal role in the conservation of these national treasures, as it was suffering at the hands of poachers and others who stood at the ready to pillage what they could from the area. Theodore Roosevelt and his newly formed Boone and Crockett Club successfully took the lead in protecting Yellowstone National Park from this plight, resulting in laws designed to conserve the natural resources in Yellowstone and other parks under the Government's purview.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

American [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning author [[Wallace Stegner]] wrote: "National parks are the best idea we ever had. Absolutely American, absolutely democratic, they reflect us at our best rather than our worst."<ref>{{cite web|date=16 January 2003|title=Famous Quotes Concerning the National Parks: Wallace Stegner, 1983|url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/NPSThinking/famousquotes.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508031121/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/NPSThinking/famousquotes.htm|archive-date=8 May 2011|access-date=24 October 2011|work=Discover History|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===International growth of national parks===
[[File:Andhika bayu nugraha-taman nasional bromo tengger semeru.jpg|thumb|[[Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park]], [[East Java]], [[Indonesia]]]]
[[File:Late Afternoon at North & South Era.jpg|thumb|[[Royal National Park]], [[New South Wales]], Australia]]
The first area to use "national park" in its creation legislation was the U.S.'s [[Mackinac National Park]], in 1875. (The area was later transferred to the state's authority in 1895, thus losing its official "national park" status.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mackinac Island|url=http://www.michigan.gov/mshda/0,4641,7-141-54317_19320_61909_61927-54596--,00.html|website=Michigan State Housing Development Authority|access-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105141143/https://michigan.gov/mshda/0,4641,7-141-54317_19320_61909_61927-54596--,00.html|archive-date=5 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Kim Allen Scott, 2011 "Robertson's Echo The Conservation Ethic in the Establishment of Yellowstone and Royal National Parks" Yellowstone Science 19:3</ref>)

Following the idea established in Yellowstone and Mackinac, there soon followed parks in other nations. In Australia, what is now [[Royal National Park]] was established just south of [[Sydney]], [[Colony of New South Wales]], on 26 April 1879, becoming the world's second official national park.<ref>{{cite web|title=1879: Australia's first national park created|url=http://www.nma.gov.au/online_features/defining_moments/featured/first_national_park|website=National Museum of Australia|access-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128023110/http://www.nma.gov.au/online_features/defining_moments/featured/first_national_park|archive-date=28 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since Mackinac lost its national park status, the Royal National Park is, by some considerations, the second oldest national park now in existence.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pinkava.asu.edu/starcentral/microscope/portal.php?pagetitle=getcollection&collectionID=127 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102063535/http://pinkava.asu.edu/starcentral/microscope/portal.php?pagetitle=getcollection&collectionID=127 | archive-date=2 November 2014 | title=Audley Bottom | publisher=Pinkava.asu.edu | access-date=3 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>Rodney Harrison, 2012 "Heritage: Critical approaches" Routledge</ref>
[[File:Bergtocht van Peio Paese naar Lago Covel (1,839 m) in het Nationaal park Stelvio (Italië). Lago Covel (1,839 m).jpg|thumb|Lago Covel in the [[Stelvio National Park]], [[Italy]]]]
[[Banff National Park]] became Canada's first national park in 1885. New Zealand established [[Tongariro National Park]] in 1887. Argentina became the third country in the Americas to create a national park system, with the creation of the [[Nahuel Huapi National Park]] in 1934, through the initiative of [[Francisco Moreno]].
[[File:Lapporten 2.jpg|thumb|[[Abisko National Park]], Sweden, one of the first national parks established in Europe]]
In Europe, the first national parks were a set of nine in [[Sweden]] in 1909, following the passing of a Riksdag law on national parks that year. Switzerland became the second European nation with the founding of the [[Swiss National Park]] in 1914. In 1971, [[Lahemaa National Park]] in [[Estonian SSR]] became the first area to be designated a national park in the former [[Soviet Union]].
[[File:Valley of Desolation - South Africa (2417725127).jpg|thumb|Valley of Desolation in the [[Camdeboo National Park]], South Africa]]
Africa's first national park was established in 1925 when king [[Albert I of Belgium]] designated an area in the east of what was then his personal domain of [[Congo Free State]], now [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] as the [[Albert National Park]], later renamed [[Virunga National Park]]. In 1926, the government of South Africa designated [[Kruger National Park]] as the nation's first national park, although it was an expansion and reorganization of the earlier government protected Sabie Game Reserve, established in 1898 by President [[Paul Kruger]] of the old [[South African Republic]].

After [[World War II]], national parks were founded all over the world.  The [[United Kingdom]] designated its first national park, [[Peak District National Park]], in 1951. This followed perhaps 70 years of pressure for greater public access to the landscape. By the end of the decade a further nine national parks had been designated in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/learning-about/about-the-national-park/our-history|title=History of our National Park|website=Peak District National Park|access-date=1 November 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714041006/https://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/learning-about/about-the-national-park/our-history|url-status=live}}</ref> 

Europe has some 359 national parks as of 2010.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}} The [[Vanoise National Park]] in the Alps was the first French national park, created in 1963 after public mobilization against a [[tourism|touristic project]].
[[File:Viru raba enne päikesetõusu.jpg|thumb|[[Viru Bog]] in the Lahemaa National Park, Estonia, before sunrise]]In 1973, [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] was classified as a National Park and was opened to public access in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.privatekilimanjaro.com/about_kilimanjaro_park.asp|title=Kilimanjaro: The National Park|work=Private Kilimanjaro: About Kilimanjaro|publisher=Private Expeditions, Ltd.|year=2011|access-date=24 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017152135/http://privatekilimanjaro.com/about_kilimanjaro_park.asp|archive-date=17 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>[[File:Ranthambore National Park.JPG|thumb|[[Ranthambore National Park]] In Rajasthan, India]]In 1989, the [[Qomolangma National Nature Preserve]] (QNNP) was created to protect 3.381&nbsp;million hectares on the north slope of [[Mount Everest]] in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of China. This national park is the first major global park to have no separate warden and protection staff—all of its management consists of existing local authorities, allowing a lower cost basis and a larger geographical coverage (in 1989 when created, it was the largest protected area in Asia). It includes four of the six tallest mountains in the world: [[Everest]], [[Lhotse]], [[Makalu]], and [[Cho Oyu]]. The QNNP is contiguous to four Nepali national parks, creating a transnational conservation area equal in size to Switzerland.<ref>Daniel C. Taylor, Carl E. Taylor, Jesse O. Taylor, ''Empowerment on an Unstable Planet'' New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, Chapter 9</ref>

In 1993, the [[Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park]] was established in [[Jamaica]] to conserve and protect 41,198 hectares, including tropical montane rainforest and adjacent buffer areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The National Park - Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park |url=https://www.blueandjohncrowmountains.org/about |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.blueandjohncrowmountains.org}}</ref> The site includes Jamaica's tallest peak ([[Blue Mountain Peak]]), hiking trails and a visitor center. The Park was also designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Blue and John Crow Mountains |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1356/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

===National parks services===
The world's first national park service was established May 19, 1911, in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwf.ca/newsroom/?uNewsID=9381 |title=WWF News and Stories |access-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011646/http://www.wwf.ca/newsroom/?uNewsID=9381 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/travel/northamerica/article/990243--parks-canada-celebrates-a-century-of-discovery|title=Parks Canada celebrates a century of discovery|last=Irish|first=Paul|date=13 May 2011|work=Toronto Star|access-date=18 May 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516235956/http://www.thestar.com/travel/northamerica/article/990243--parks-canada-celebrates-a-century-of-discovery|archive-date=16 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Canada National Parks Act#1911—the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act|''Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act'']] placed the dominion parks under the administration of the Dominion Park Branch (now [[Parks Canada]]), within the Department of the Interior. The branch was established to "protect sites of natural wonder" to provide a recreational experience, centred on the idea of the natural world providing rest and spiritual renewal from the urban setting.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/apprendre-learn/prof/itm2-crp-trc/htm/evolution_e.asp|title=Parks Canada History|date=2 February 2009|work=Parks Canada|access-date=30 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022095725/http://www.pc.gc.ca/apprendre-learn/prof/itm2-crp-trc/htm/evolution_e.asp|archive-date=22 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Canada now has the largest protected area in the world with 450,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of national park space.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/voyage-travel|title=Parks Canada|access-date=30 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323053512/http://www.pc.gc.ca/|archive-date=23 March 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Even with the creation of Yellowstone, Yosemite, and nearly 37 other national parks and monuments, another 44 years passed before an agency was created in the United States to administer these units in a comprehensive way&nbsp;– the U.S. [[National Park Service]] (NPS). The [[64th United States Congress]] passed the [[National Park Service Organic Act]], which [[Woodrow Wilson#Presidency, 1913–1921|President Woodrow Wilson]] signed into law on 25 August 1916. Of the {{National Park Units}} sites managed by the National Park Service of the United States, only 63 carry the designation of National Park.<ref name="USNPS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm |title=National Park System (U.S. National Park Service) |date=2019-05-17 |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420174702/https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Teufelsschloss-greenland.jpg|thumb|Painting ({{Circa|1900}}) of the ''[[Devil's Castle|Teufelsschloss]]'' in [[Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord|Kaiser-Franz-Joseph-Fjord]], East Greenland. The site is now part of the Northeast Greenland National Park.]]