Editing National Book Award (section)

== History ==

=== Pre-war awards by booksellers ===
The first National Book Awards were presented in May 1936 at the annual convention of the [[American Booksellers Association]], one month after ''The New York Times'' reported institution of the "new annual award". The winners were authors of four 1935 books selected by a vote of ABA members. [[Virginia Kirkus]] chaired the central committee of seven including the ABA president, three bookshops, ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'', and [[American News Company]]. Three were called "the most distinguished of 1935" (novel, biography, and general nonfiction) and one "the most original" (novel).<ref name=nyt1936a/><ref name=nyt1936/>
Two of the books were advertised by their publishers as "The most distinguished autobiography of 1935" and "The most distinguished general non-fiction book of 1935" in ''NYTimes'' on May 12, the same day that the newspaper reported yesterday's awards.{{NoteTag|
Both on page 21: Vincent Sheean's autobiography ''Personal History'' advertised by [[Doubleday (publisher)#History|Doubleday, Doran]]; [[Anne Morrow Lindbergh]]'s ''[[North to the Orient]]'' advertised by [[Harcourt (publisher)#History|Harcourt, Brace & Co.]]
<br />&nbsp; By 1937/38, if not earlier, there would be "National Book Award Editions" of some books.}}

For the next six years, 1937 to 1942, the awards were announced from mid-February to early March.<ref name=nyt1937>
"5 Honors Awarded on the Year's Books: Authors of Preferred Volumes Hailed at Luncheon of Booksellers Group", ''The New York Times'', 1937-02-26, page 23.</ref><ref name=nyt1938>
<br />"Booksellers Give Prize to 'Citadel': Cronin's Work About Doctors Their Favorite--'Mme. Curie' Gets Non-Fiction Award TWO OTHERS WIN HONORS Fadiman Is 'Not Interested' in What Pulitzer Committee Thinks of Selections", ''The New York Times'' 1938-03-02, page 14.</ref><ref name=nyt1939>"Book About Plants Receives Award: Dr. Fairchild's 'Garden' Work Cited by Booksellers", ''The New York Times'' 1939-02-15, page 20.</ref><ref name=nyt1940>"1939 Book Awards Given by Critics: Elgin Groseclose's 'Ararat' is Picked as Work Which Failed to Get Due Recognition", ''The New York Times'', 1940-02-14, page 25.</ref><ref name=nyt1941>"Books and Authors", ''The New York Times'', 1941-02-16, page BR12.</ref><ref name=nyt1942>"Neglected Author Gets High Honor: 1941 Book Award Presented to George Perry for 'Hold Autumn In Your Hand'", ''The New York Times'', 1942-02-11, page 18.</ref>

The "Most Distinguished" Nonfiction, Biography, and Novel (for 1935 and 1936)<ref name=nyt1936a/><ref name=nyt1936/><ref name=nyt1937/> were reduced to two and termed "Favorite" Nonfiction and Fiction beginning 1937. Master of ceremonies [[Clifton Fadiman]] declined to consider the [[Pulitzer Prize]]s (not yet announced in February 1938) as potential ratifications. "Unlike the Pulitzer Prize committee, the booksellers merely vote for their favorite books. They do not say it is the best book or the one that will elevate the standard of manhood or womanhood. Twenty years from now we can decide which are the masterpieces. This year we can only decide which books we enjoyed reading the most."<ref name=nyt1938/>

The Bookseller Discovery officially recognized "outstanding merit which failed to receive adequate sales and recognition" (quoted by NYT)<ref name=nyt1939/>
Finally that award stood alone for 1941 and the ''New York Times'' frankly called it "a sort of consolation prize that the booksellers hope will draw attention to his work."<ref name=nyt1942/>

The winning authors and books were selected by a nationwide poll of booksellers (ABA members); during the 1937/38 cycle, ballots were received from 319 stores, triple the number who voted in the first rendition early in 1936.<ref name=nyt1938/>
In a 1941 advertisement, the Booksellers described the "significance of the awards" thus:<ref name=nyt1941aba>
"The Booksellers of America Announce Their National Awards", ''The New York Times'', February 23, 1941, page BR21.
<br />• More than half of the advertisement featured the three prize books of 1937, announced earlier that month. The "Discovery of the Year" sported a [[dust jacket]] with stylized "First Prize" ribbon affixed and the Novel was promoted in its "National Book Award Edition" (also advertised ten days earlier: February 13, 1941, page 17).</ref>
<blockquote>In effect, his ballot says, "Of all the books of the year these are the three I enjoyed most – ''in two ways''! I enjoyed reading them; and I enjoyed selling them." And that to a bookseller means people who, on his recommendation, read and enjoyed – and sent in other people who also read and enjoyed.
The National Book Awards give you perhaps a greater guarantee of reading pleasure than any other literary prizes.</blockquote>

=== Reestablished by the book industry ===
In January 1950 three book industry organizations announced that "works by Americans published here" would be recognized by three awards in March (at the annual convention?). There would be three distinct panels of five judges.<ref name=nyt1950a>
"Book Trade Plans to Honor Writers: Industry Will Award Annual Prizes for Poetry, Fiction&nbsp;...", ''The New York Times'', January 22, 1950, page 68.</ref> The fifteen judges were "Elmer Davis, John Kieran, Henry Steele Commager, Fairfield Osborn and Norman Cousins for non-fiction; Mary Colum, Glenway Wescott, Max Gissin, W. G. Rogers and [[Malcolm Cowley]] for fiction; and W. H. Auden, Louise Bogan, Babett Duetsch, Horace Gregory and Louise Untermeyer for poetry."<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 1950 |title=Host of Celebrated Writers To Attend Book Award Dinner |pages=7 |work=Seminole Producer |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79715092/louise-untermeyer/ |access-date=10 November 2022 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110234339/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79715092/louise-untermeyer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The awards were administered by the National Book Committee from 1950 to 1974, when the Committee disbanded after publishers withdrew support.<ref name=nyt1967>

"Book Award Goes to 'La Vida'; 'The Fixer' Wins Fiction Prize: 3 Others Will Be Honored at a Cerem[ony]&nbsp;...", ''The New York Times'', March 5, 1967, page 39.</ref><ref name=nyt1975/>

In 1950 and 1967, at least, the prize sponsors were three book-industry organizations American Booksellers Association, the [[Association of American Publishers|American Book Publishers Council]] and the [[Book Industry Study Group#History|Book Manufacturers Institute]].<ref name=nyt1950a/><ref name=nyt1967/>

In 1973 NYTimes still called the National Book Committee a nonprofit funded "by publishers and by organizations involved in the book trade"<ref name=nyt1973/> A temporary Committee on Awards Policy handled 1975.<ref name=nyt1975/>

=== New categories and split awards ===
In 1964 Nonfiction was divided in three.<ref name=nba1964>[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1964 "National Book Awards – 1964"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415193400/https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1964 |date=2021-04-15 }}. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-01-31. Compare 1963 (via menu at top of page).</ref> The National Book Award for Translation was introduced in 1967 and split between two books,<ref name=nba1967>[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1967 "National Book Awards – 1967"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328132454/https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1967/ |date=2019-03-28 }}. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-01-31. Compare 1966 (via menu at top of page).</ref> the first split.<ref name=nyt1973/>

Children's literature was first recognized as one of seven categories in 1969.<ref name=nba1969>[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1969 "National Book Awards – 1969"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028064852/http://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1969/ |date=2018-10-28 }}. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-01-31. Compare 1968 (via menu at top of page).</ref> Two awards were split in 1973 for the first time.<ref name=nyt1973>[https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/11/archives/2-book-awards-split-for-first-time-serengeti-lion-wins-other-judges.html?sq=augustus%2520john%2520williams%2520book&scp=8&st=cse "2 Book Awards Split for First Time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20180318144903/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/11/archives/2-book-awards-split-for-first-time-serengeti-lion-wins-other-judges.html |date=2018-03-18 }}, Eric Pace, ''The New York Times'', April 11, 1973. Retrieved 2012-01-25.</ref>

Publishers dropped their support after 1974 and the National Book Committee was disbanded.<ref name=nyt1975/>
In 1975 the temporary administrator<!-- Committee on Awards Policy; awards on verge of entire collapse? publisher funding withdrawn? -->"begged" judges not to split awards.<ref name=nyt1975>"The Last of the National Book Awards?" (The Guest Word), William Cole, ''The New York Times'', May 4, 1975, page 288.</ref>

Three of 27 awards were split in 1983<ref name=nyt1983/>
before the drastic cutback that also required selection of a single winner in all three categories for 1984.<ref name=nyt1984a/><ref name=nyt1984>"Three Writers Win Book Awards". ''The New York Times'', November 16, 1984, page C32.</ref>

The currently active Poetry category was added in 1991, followed by Young People's Literature in 1996, and Translated Literature in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalbook.org/national-book-awards/years/|title=National Book Foundation - Browse Awards by Year|website=National Book Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-03|archive-date=2023-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227211703/https://www.nationalbook.org/national-book-awards/years/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== "American Book Awards" ===
In 1980 the "National Book Awards" were canceled and replaced by "American Book Awards" on the [[film industry]] model (Oscars). "It will be run almost exactly the way the Academy Awards are run," a spokesman told reporters."<ref name=fehrman>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/books/review/the-short-unsuccessful-life-of-the-american-book-awards.html "The Short, Unsuccessful Life of the American Book Awards"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903225938/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/books/review/the-short-unsuccessful-life-of-the-american-book-awards.html |date=2019-09-03 }}, Craig Fehrman, ''The New York Times'', October 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-31.</ref> There would be nearly 30 awards presented in an extravagant TV-friendly ceremony, to winners selected by a standing "academy" of more than 2,000 people in the book industry.<ref name=fehrman/>
Implementation was poor, the episode a disaster.<ref name=fehrman/>

Most new categories survived only one to four cycles, 1980 to 1983. There were seven awards categories in 1979, twenty-eight in 1980, nineteen in 1983 (plus graphics awards, see below), three in 1984.<ref name=nba1979>[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1979 "National Book Awards – 1979"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620135926/https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1979 |date=2019-06-20 }}. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-02-04.</ref><ref name=nba1980>[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1980 "National Book Awards – 1980"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426083421/https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1980/ |date=2020-04-26 }}. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-02-04. Compare 1983 and 1984 (via menu at top of page).</ref>

In 1983 there were 30 award winners in 27 categories including 14 categories of literary achievement in writing for adults; in turn, five for hardcover editions, six for paperback editions, and three general.<ref name=nyt1983/>

1983 awards categories (27)
* 8 for graphics: Pictorial Design, Typographical Design, Illustration Collected Art, Illustration Original Art, Illustration Photographs, Cover Design, Jacket Design{{NoteTag|
Only seven graphics awards are listed here, as in the contemporary source. Multiple sources say 27 and 19.}}
* 5 for children's literature: (Children's) Fiction hardcover and paperback, Nonfiction, Picture Books hardcover and paperback 
* 14 for adults' literature: General Nonfiction hardcover and paperback, History hardcover and paperback, Biography hardcover and paperback, Science hardcover and paperback, Translation, Fiction hardcover and paperback, Poetry, First Novel, Original Paperback

Late that year, the AAP Board voted to fund a new version of the Awards, which had been "close to expiring from lack of support". At the time, AAP and [[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Row]] president Brooks Thomas anticipated "probably fewer than ten" categories, including some "only for original paperbacks, not reprints". Edwin McDowell reported that "many book-industry officials hope&nbsp;... [to] rank in importance with the $15,000 [[Booker Prize|Booker McConnell Prize for Fiction]]" (British).<ref name=nyt1983vote>

"Publishing: New Life for American Book Awards", Edwin McDowell, ''The New York Times'', November 4, 1983, page C28.</ref>

For 1983 publications (January to October) there would be no awards. A committee comprising American Book Awards executive director Barbara Prete and four publishers designed the new and improved program, implemented fall 1984 for a publication year beginning November 1983. They cut the roster to merely three (Nonfiction, Fiction, and First Work of Fiction), moved the ceremony from early spring to late fall, and redefined eligibility to require publication during the calendar year of the awards (roughly, see Annual eligibility).<ref name=nyt1984a/> There were only fiction and nonfiction awards in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1986#.VxVXDEp4WK1 |title = National Book Awards - 1986 |publisher = [[National Book Foundation]] |access-date = 18 April 2016 |archive-date = 28 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181028064943/http://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1986/#.VxVXDEp4WK1 |url-status = live }}</ref>

=== 1987-present day ===

In 1987 the "National" award returned in name. Covering the November ceremony, Edwin McDowell of ''The New York Times'' remarked upon the recurring changes in format and contrasted 1983 in particular, when there were 96 finalists in 27 awards categories (listed above).

The surviving awards for general [[National Book Award for Fiction|Fiction]] and [[National Book Award for Nonfiction|Nonfiction]], now with precisely five finalists each, were administered by National Book Awards, Inc., whose Chairman of the Board was the president of Hearst Trade Book Group. He declaimed that "Book people are really not actors, and there's a realization now that we should not try to reward things like who did the best book blurb."<ref name=nyt1987>"An Upset at the Book Awards", Edwin McDowell, ''The New York Times'', November 10, 1987, page C13.</ref> The fixed number five finalists was retained through 2012,<ref name=process>National Book Foundation: Awards: [http://www.nationalbook.org/nba_process.html "How the National Book Awards Work"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609202556/http://www.nationalbook.org/nba_process.html |date=2011-06-09 }}. Retrieved 2012-01-05.</ref> while the number of book categories has doubled with the addition of [[National Book Award for Poetry|Poetry]] in 1991 and [[National Book Award for Young People's Literature|Young People's Literature]] in 1996.<ref name=winners/> Beginning with 2013, the Foundation announced there would be a "longlist" of 10 titles in each of the four categories in September (40 titles), followed by a "finalist" list of 5 titles in October (20 titles), and then the winners in November (4 titles).<ref name=2013change/> In 2018 a fifth award category was announced, the [[National Book Award for Translated Literature]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/31/books/the-globalization-of-the-national-book-awards.html |title=The Globalization of the National Book Awards |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Alexandra Alter |date=January 31, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2018 |archive-date=November 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115154207/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/31/books/the-globalization-of-the-national-book-awards.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is for living translators and authors and for fiction and non-fiction. The foundation previously gave a translation award from 1967-1983, but did not require the author to be living and was for fiction only.

In 2024, the National Book Foundation announced the awards would no longer require U.S. citizenship for eligibility, following a similar decision the [[Pulitzer Prizes]] had made in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alter |first1=Alexandra |title=The National Book Awards Opens Up to Writers Who Are Not U.S. Citizens |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/15/books/the-national-book-awards-non-us-citizens.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=15 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Sophia |title=National Book Awards Expand Eligibility to Non–U.S. Citizens |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/awards-and-prizes/article/94343-national-book-awards-expand-eligibility-to-non-u-s-citizens.html |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Publishers Weekly |date=15 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Evans |first1=Nia T. |title=The National Book Awards Finally Expands Eligibility Rules to Include Non-Citizens |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/02/the-national-book-awards-finally-expands-eligibility-rules-to-include-non-citizens/ |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Mother Jones |date=15 February 2024}}</ref>