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===Antiquity and Early Middle Ages=== [[File:Amaras-vank.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The [[Amaras Monastery]], founded in the 4th century by St [[Gregory the Illuminator]]. In the 5th century, [[Mesrop Mashtots]], inventor of the [[Armenian alphabet]], established at Amaras the first school to use his script.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Viviano |first=Frank |title=The Rebirth of Armenia |journal=National Geographic Magazine |date=March 2004 }}</ref><ref>John Noble, Michael Kohn, Danielle Systermans. ''Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan''. Lonely Planet; 3 edition (1 May 2008), p. 307</ref>]] [[File:Gandzasar Monastery1.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Gandzasar monastery|The monastery at Gandzasar]] was commissioned by the [[House of Hasan-Jalalyan|House of Khachen]] and completed in 1238]] Nagorno-Karabakh falls within the lands occupied by peoples known to modern archaeologists as the [[Kura-Araxes culture]] who lived between the two rivers [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura]] and [[Araxes River|Araxes]].<ref name="Edens">{{cite journal |last=Edens |first=Christoper |date=Aug–Nov 1995 |title=Transcaucasia at the End of the Early Bronze Age |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |publisher=The American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=299/300 |issue=The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia |pages=53, pp. 53–64 [56] |doi=10.2307/1357345 |jstor=1357345 |s2cid=163585471| issn = 0003-097X}}</ref> The ancient population of the region consisted of various [[Indigenous peoples|autochthonous]] local and migrant tribes who were mostly non-Indo-Europeans.<ref name="Ethno-History">{{cite book |first=Robert H. |last=Hewsen |chapter=Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians |editor-last=Samuelian |editor-first=Thomas J. |title=Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity |location=Chicago |publisher=Scholars Press |year=1982 |pages=27–40 |isbn=0-89130-565-3}}</ref> According to the prevailing western theory, these natives intermarried with Armenians who came to the region after its inclusion into Armenia in the 2nd (or possibly earlier, the 4th) century BC.<ref>Hewsen, Robert H. ''Armenia: a Historical Atlas''. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 32–33, map 19 (shows the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the [[Orontids]]' Kingdom of Armenia)</ref> Other scholars suggest that the Armenians settled in the region as early as the 7th century BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v2f4/v2f4a071a.html |title=Armenia and Iran |author=R. Schmitt, M. L. Chaumont |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-date=21 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121173617/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v2f4/v2f4a071a.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Around 180 BC, Artsakh became one of the 15 provinces of the [[Armenian Kingdom]] and remained so until the 4th century.<ref>Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of Artsakh", in T. Samuelian & M. Stone, eds. ''Medieval Armenian Culture''. Chico, CA, 1983.</ref> While formally having the status of a province (''nahang''), Artsakh possibly formed a [[principality]] on its own — like Armenia's province of Syunik. Other theories suggest that Artsakh was a [[royal land]], belonging directly to the king of Armenia.<ref>Hewsen. Armenia, pp. 100–103.</ref> King [[Tigran the Great]] of Armenia (who ruled from 95 to 55 BC) founded in Artsakh one of four cities named "Tigranakert" after himself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/sebeos/0326.html|title=ИСТОРИЯ ИМПЕРАТОРА ИРАКЛА. Сочинене епископа Себеоса, писателя VII века. Пер. с армянского К.Патканяна.|website=vehi.net|access-date=25 December 2008|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330014746/http://vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/sebeos/0326.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The ruins of the ancient [[Tigranakert of Artsakh|Tigranakert]], located {{convert|30|mi|-1|abbr=on|order=flip}} north-east of [[Stepanakert]], are being studied by a group of international scholars. In 387 AD, after the partition of Armenia between the Roman Empire and [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid Persia]], two Armenian provinces — Artsakh and [[Utik]] — became part of the Sassanid [[Albania (satrapy)|satrapy of Caucasian Albania]], which in turn came under strong Armenian religious and cultural influence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Azerbaijan |author=Evgeny Dmitrievich Silaev |date=13 June 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Azerbaijan |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118105319/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-129462/Azerbaijan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Walker, Christopher J. |title=Armenia and Karabagh: The Struggle for Unity |publisher=Minority Rights Group Publications |page=10 |date=1991 |url= https://archive.org/details/armeniaandkarabagh }}</ref> At the time the population of Artsakh and Utik consisted of Armenians and several Armenized tribes.<ref name="Ethno-History"/> Armenian culture and civilization flourished in the early medieval Nagorno-Karabakh. In the 5th century, the first-ever Armenian school was opened on the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh at [[Amaras Monastery]] through the efforts of St. [[Mesrop Mashtots]], the inventor of the [[Armenian alphabet]].<ref>Viviano, Frank. "The Rebirth of Armenia", ''National Geographic Magazine'', March 2004, p. 18,</ref> St. Mesrop was very active in preaching the Gospel in Artsakh and Utik. Overall, Mesrop Mashtots made three trips to Artsakh and Utik, ultimately reaching pagan territories at the foothills of the [[Greater Caucasus]].<ref>Movses Kalankatuatsi. ''History of the Land of Aluank'', Book I, chapters 27, 28 and 29; Book II, chapter 3.</ref> The 7th-century Armenian linguist and grammarian Stephanos Syunetsi stated in his work that Armenians of Artsakh had their own dialect, and encouraged his readers to learn it.<ref>Н.Адонц. «Дионисий Фракийский и армянские толкователи», Пг., 1915, 181—219</ref>
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