Editing Nacogdoches, Texas (section)

===1800s===

The city has been under more flags than the state of Texas, claiming nine flags. In addition to the [[six flags over Texas|Six Flags]] of Texas, it also flew under the flags of the [[Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition|Magee-Gutierrez Republic]], the [[Long Republic]], and the [[Fredonian Rebellion]]. People from the United States began moving to settle in Nacogdoches in 1820, and Texas's first English-language newspaper was published there.<ref>''The Cambridge Gazetteer of the United States and Canada''. p. 430</ref>
However, the first newspaper published (in the 1700s) was in Spanish. An edition of that newspaper is preserved and shown at the local museum.

In 1832, the [[Battle of Nacogdoches]] brought many local settlers together, as they united in their stand to support a federalist form of government. Their successful venture drove the Mexican military from East Texas.

[[File:NacDepot1.JPG|right|thumb|The recently renovated historic Nacogdoches train depot]]
[[Thomas Jefferson Rusk]] was one of the most prominent early Nacogdoches Anglo settlers. A veteran of the Texas Revolution, hero of [[battle of San Jacinto|San Jacinto]], he signed the [[Texas Declaration of Independence]] and was secretary of war during the [[Republic of Texas]]. He was president of the Texas Statehood Commission and served as one of the first two Texas U.S. Senators along with Sam Houston. He worked to establish Nacogdoches University, which operated from 1845 to 1895.<ref name="NacUni">{{cite web |author=Blake |first=Robert Bruce |date=2010-06-15 |title=NACOGDOCHES UNIVERSITY |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kbn01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908074822/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kbn01 |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |access-date=2015-10-28 |work=Handbook of Texas Online |publisher=[[Texas State Historical Association]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Nacogdoches County, Texas|Old Nacogdoches University Building]] was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1971.<ref name=NacUni/> Rusk suffered from depression as a result of the untimely death of his wife and killed himself on July 29, 1857.<ref name=hist>History Exhibit, Nacogdoches Visitors Bureau, Nacogdoches, Texas</ref>

[[Sam Houston]] lived in Nacogdoches for four years prior to the Texas Revolution (1836) and opened a law office downtown.  He courted Anna Raguet, daughter of one of the leading citizens, but Anna rejected him after finding that he was not divorced from his first wife [[Eliza Allen (Tennessee)|Eliza Allen]] of Tennessee.

William Goins (Goyens, Goings, Going), the son of a white mother and [[Multiracial|black]] father, operated a local inn, trucking service, and blacksmith works and maintained a plantation outside Nacogdoches on Goins Hill.  He was married to a white woman and owned slaves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blake |first=R. B. |title=Goyens, William |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goyens-william |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429222741/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fgo24 |archive-date=April 29, 2012 |access-date=June 27, 2012 |website=[[Handbook of Texas]] |publisher=Texas State Historical Association}}</ref> He was appointed as an agent to trade with the [[Cherokee]]s and was prominent in providing assistance to the Texas Army during the Revolution.

[[File:Nacogdoches August 2017 31 (Sterne-Hoya House Museum and Library).jpg|right|thumb|[[Sterne–Hoya House Museum and Library|Sterne–Hoya House]] of [[Adolphus Sterne]], the first mayor of Nacogdoches, now a museum and library]]
[[Adolphus Sterne]] was a merchant of German Jewish extraction who maintained the finest home in town. His frequent visitors included Sam Houston, Thomas Rusk, [[The Bowl (Cherokee chief)|Chief Bowles]] and David Crockett, so his diary is one of the best sources for early Nacogdoches history.

Nacogdoches also contains one of the last surviving family-owned homestead plantations in East Texas, the August Tubbe Plantation,<ref name="wtblock.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.wtblock.com/WtblockJr/JohnAugustTubbe.htm|title=Rev. John August Tubbe|website=www.wtblock.com|access-date=April 28, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202040030/http://www.wtblock.com/WtblockJr/JohnAugustTubbe.htm|archive-date=December 2, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> owned and operated by the same family which established it in 1859. August Tubbe was a German-born immigrant, who with his elderly mother, left Germany in 1858 and arrived in Nacogdoches by 1859.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.giselalaudi.de/|title="JUSTINA TUBBE" von Gisela Laudi|website=www.giselalaudi.de|access-date=April 28, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911190042/http://giselalaudi.de/|archive-date=September 11, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Their lives are recounted in several books, including a historical fiction novel by Gisela Laudi entitled "I am Justina Tubbe".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.giselalaudi.de/indexENGLISH.html|title=About my book: "JUSTINA TUBBE"|website=www.giselalaudi.de|access-date=April 28, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630010254/http://giselalaudi.de/indexENGLISH.html|archive-date=June 30, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>  Tubbe plantation is historically significant in the formation of early life in East Texas, not only in its cotton and sugarcane,<ref name="wtblock.com"/> but also because it later played an important part in milled-lumber production. Tubbe Sawmill was actually the first water-, and then steam-powered, sawmill in Nacogdoches. During renovations of the Cason-Monk buildings in the early 21st century, boards stamped with Tubbe Mill logos made dating the building possible. The estate contains one of the largest privately-owned genealogical archives pertaining to the Tubbe family in existence, providing important insight into early settlers' life during the 19th century. The family has been featured in a number of German museums including the Expo2000 in Bremerhaven Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dah-bremerhaven.de/|title=Deutsches Auswandererhaus Bremerhaven|website=dah-bremerhaven.de|access-date=April 28, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319085035/http://dah-bremerhaven.de/|archive-date=March 19, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The estate and archives are privately owned and maintained by a descendant of its original founder, and are currently available for study through private appointment only. The Tubbe family is considered to be one of the "founding families" of Nacogdoches,<ref name="wtblock.com"/> making their mark in many ways spanning over 150 years. August Tubbe was responsible for not only his large {{Convert|2,000|acre|adj=on}} plantation, sawmill, and participation in Milam Masonic Lodge,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milamlodge2.com/|title=Milam Masonic Lodge 2 A.F. & A.M. Nacogdoches Texas|website=www.milamlodge2.com|access-date=April 28, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913193020/http://milamlodge2.com/|archive-date=September 13, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> but also is credited with bringing the now defunct [[Texas and New Orleans Railroad]] spur into town. Tubbe estate as a whole is now owned and managed by Thomas VonAugust Tubbe-Brown, the fifth-generation grandson of August Tubbe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genealogy.com/ftm/p/i/e/Laura-B-Pierson/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0046.html|title=Laura-B-Pierson - User Trees - Genealogy.com|website=www.genealogy.com|access-date=April 28, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202101009/http://www.genealogy.com/ftm/p/i/e/Laura-B-Pierson/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0046.html|archive-date=December 2, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 1859, the first oil well in Texas began operation here, but it was never so well known as [[Spindletop]], drilled in 1901 near [[Beaumont, Texas|Beaumont]].<ref>''Cambridge Gazetteer''. p. 430</ref> Lyne Taliaferro Barret began this operation, which was interrupted by the [[American Civil War]]. However, after the war, Barret returned to Oil Springs, an area about {{Convert|13|mi}} east of Nacogdoches, to resume his project by acquiring another drilling contract in 1865. Barret struck oil on September 12, 1866, at a depth of {{Convert|106|ft}}. The well produced around 10 barrels of oil per day, but was recorded to produce a range of 8 to 40 barrels. In 1868, the [[price of oil]] dropped so low that Barret lost his financial backing, and was forced to resign from the project. The fields then lay dormant for another 20 years, until 1889, when various drilling companies had 40 wells on the site. The site was never very productive, only yielding 54 barrels in 1890. However, it remains the first and oldest [[oil well]] in Texas, with production being recorded into the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aoghs.org/states/first-texas-oil-well/ |title=First Lone Star Discovery |publisher=American Oil and Gas Historical Society |access-date=January 20, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160120010956/http://aoghs.org/states/first-texas-oil-well/ |archive-date=January 20, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>