Editing Musical bow (section)

== In Africa ==
''See'': [[Uhadi musical bow]] ''See'':[[Umuduri]]
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
 | align = right
| image2 = Instrument musical traditionnel Burundais.jpg
 | width2 = 165
 | alt2 = Umuduri musical bow
 | caption2  =The [[Umuduri]] musical bow used in Burundi and Rhwanda is similar to the Uhadi bow of South Africa.

 | image1 = Jeune fille païenne jouant du thomo.jpg
 | width1 = 139
 | alt1 = musical bow
 | caption1 = The [[Uhadi musical bow|Uhadi]] or 'thomo' musical bow used by the [[Sotho people|Basotho]] people.
 | footer = Two bows in which the resonator is a gourd, attached to the instrument's center and pressed into the musician's chest or stomach. Both are sounded with a stick.
}}
Due to the nature of their construction and playing, musical bows are quiet instruments, therefore needing a resonator to resound. The resonator can either be a [[gourd]] (as in ''uhadi'', ''umakhweyana'', ''segankure'', ''xitende'', ''[[berimbau]]'', etc.) or the player's mouth (as in ''umrhubhe'', ''umqangala'', ''tshihwana'', ''xizambi'', etc.)

Musical bows are the main instruments of the [[Nguni people|Nguni]] and [[Sotho people|Sotho]] people, the predominant peoples of South Africa. Historians believe that many of the musical bows came from [[Khoisan]] peoples. Although there are many differences between musical bows, all of them share two things: a resonator, and at least two fundamental notes.

The strongest notes are the [[Fundamental frequency|fundamentals]], the deepest notes produced by the string, whereas the higher notes (the [[Harmonic series (music)#Partial|harmonic partials]]) are produced by the resonator.

There are at least two fundamental notes produced by all musical bows, an ''open'' (when the player does not shorten it or touch it) and a ''closed'' (where the string is shortened or stopped by the player's hand). In [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] they are called ''vu'' (from the word ''Vuliwe'', 'open') and ''ba'' (from ''Banjiwe'', 'held') respectively. These two notes can already be on the string, if it is divided or stopped by a string attached to the gourd, as in the case of ''umakhweyana'', ''xitende'', ''berimbau'', ''hungu'', etc. The pitch difference between a ''vu'' and a ''ba'' is usually about a [[Major second|whole tone]]. In certain places, it can be closer to a [[semitone]] (e.g. Zulu) or closer to a [[minor third]] (Tsonga).

Some of those instruments have more than two notes, for example the Zulu ''umakhweyana'' and the Tsonga ''xitende'' have three, whereas the Venda ''tshihwana'' has four.<ref name="christine">{{cite book |last=Lucia|first=Christine|date=2005|title=The World of South African Music: A Reader|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Press|page=239|isbn=9781904303367}}</ref>

=== Other names ===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Twee Samo muzikanten bespelen de muziekboog TMnr 20010314.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Samo people|Samo]] musicians from the Upper Volta, [[Burkina Faso]] playing a musical bow, using their mouths as resonators. 1970–1971.]]
Musical bows are known by various names in the different languages of South Africa - some refer only to musical bows using gourds as resonators, others using the mouth:<ref name="christine"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://dhost.info/etno/capoeira/musical.bow/musical-bow.htm|title=Musical Bow|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |access-date=2015-01-22}}</ref>

*[[Kele language (Gabon)|Akele]]: ''ngongo''
*[[Kimbundu]]: ''hungu''
*[[Nguni languages|Nguni]]: ''makhoyane''
*[[Pedi language|Pedi]]: ''lekope''
*[[Sotho language|S. Sotho]]: ''[[lesiba]]'', ''thomo'', ''setolotolo''
*[[Tepehuán language|Tepehuán]]: ''gat''
*[[Tswana language|Tswana]]: ''segankure''
*[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]: ''xizambi'', ''xitende''
*[[Umbundu]]: ''ombulumbumba''
*[[Venda language|Venda]]: ''tshihwana'', ''lugube'', ''tshijolo''
*[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]: ''uhadi'', ''umrhubhe'', ''umqunge'', ''inkinge''
*[[Zulu language|Zulu]]: ''umakhweyana'', ''ugubu'', ''umqangala'', ''umhubhe''<ref>{{cite journal|author-last=Dargie|author-first=Dave|editor-last=Oehrle|editor-first=Elizabeth |title= Magical Musical Bows|publisher = Digital Innovation South Africa |journal= The Talking Drum |issue =16 |date =September 2001 |url= http://disa.ukzn.ac.za/TALKING_DRUM}}</ref>
*[[!Kung languages|!Kung]]: ''m'bolumbumba''
*[[Lingala language|Lingala]]: ''tolo-tolo''
*umqangala