Editing Music video (section)

=== Beginnings of popular music television and promotional clips: 1960–1973 ===
In the late 1950s<ref name="Almind">{{cite web|title=Jukebox History 1952-1998|url=http://juke-box.dk/gert-design52-77.htm|first=Gert J.|last=Almind}}</ref> the [[Scopitone]], a visual jukebox, was introduced in France and short films were produced by many French artists, such as [[Serge Gainsbourg]], [[Françoise Hardy]], [[Jacques Dutronc]], and the Belgian [[Jacques Brel]] to accompany their songs. Its use spread to other countries, and similar machines such as the Cinebox in Italy and [[Color-sonic]] in the U.S. were patented.<ref name="Almind"/> In 1961, for the Canadian-produced show ''[[Singalong Jubilee]]'', Manny Pittson began pre-recording the music audio, went on-location and taped various visuals with the musicians lip-synching, then edited the audio and video together. Most music numbers were taped in-studio on stage, and the location shoot "videos" were to add variety.<ref>{{cite book|title=Remembering Singalong Jubilee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zbibowECfwC&q=manny+pittson+music+video&pg=PA33|author=Ernest J. ***|publisher=Formac Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-88780-642-1|date=October 1, 2004}}</ref> In 1964, [[Kenneth Anger]]'s [[experimental film|experimental]] short film, ''[[Scorpio Rising (film)|Scorpio Rising]]'' used popular songs instead of dialogue.<ref>{{cite book|last=Landis|first=Bill|date=1995|title=Anger: The Unauthorized Biography of Kenneth Anger|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=978-0-06-016700-4}}</ref>

On 1 January 1964, [[Johnnie Stewart]] and [[Stanley Dorfman]] created the British [[Record chart|chart]] music television series ''[[Top of the Pops]],'' which they produced in tandem and directed in weekly rotation until the 1970s''.<ref name="Humphries-2013">{{Cite book |last=Humphries |first=Patrick |title=Top of the Pops: 50th Anniversary |publisher=McNidder & Grace |year=2013 |isbn=9780857160522 |edition=First |location=New York |pages=xi, xii (Introduction) |language=English}}</ref>'' The show's format created a demand for frequent studio appearances by renowned British and US artists at short notice, as the charts came out on Tuesday mornings and the show was taped live on Thursdays. Coupled with the artists busy touring schedules and subsequent requests from broadcasters in Europe and America to showcase popular British acts, ultimately prompted the production of pre-recorded or filmed inserts referred to as "promotional videos." These videos served as substitutes for live performances by the artists and played a pivotal role in the development of the music video genre.<ref name="Humphries-2013a">{{Cite book |last=Humphries |first=Patrick |title=Top of the Pops: 50th Anniversary |publisher=McNidder & Grace |year=2013 |isbn=9780857160522 |edition=First |pages=3, 4 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Riefe-2016a">{{Cite web |last=Riefe |first=Jordan |date=2016-02-11 |title=Music Video Pioneer Stanley Dorfman Recalls Bowie, Sinatra and Lennon |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/music-video-pioneer-stanley-dorfman-863520/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Reed-2002a">{{Cite news |date=2002-09-12 |title=Timeline: Top of the Pops |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/sep/12/artsfeatures.popandrock |access-date=2023-06-05 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> During the early stages of the show's introduction in 1964, when alternative footage was unavailable, Dorfman and Stewart resorted to capturing footage of the enthusiastic audience dancing. However, a significant change took place in October 1964 when a decision was made to occasionally introduce a [[dance troupe]] with choreographed routines for specific tracks. This addition brought a new dynamic to the show, enhancing its visual appeal and diversifying the entertainment value for viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-16 |title=Pan's People |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp2/trivia/pans_people/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916135453/http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp2/trivia/pans_people/ |archive-date=September 16, 2014 }}</ref> One notable example was the video for [[Roy Orbison]]'s song '[[Oh, Pretty Woman|Oh Pretty Woman]]', which Dorfman filmed and directed in the rooftop garden of London's Kensington-based [[Derry & Toms|Derry and Toms]] department store on 19 October 1964 as a visual accompaniment to the song. It subsequently aired on Top of the Pops on 22 October, 29, as well as 12 November and 19."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jeff |title=Top of the Pops: 1964-2002: It's still Number One! |year=2002 |publisher=BBC Consumer Publishing |isbn=978-0563534761 |pages=22 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Humphries |first=Patrick |title=Top of the Pops: 50th Anniversary |publisher=New York: McNidder and Grace Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9780857160522 |edition=First |pages=3, 27 |language=English}}</ref> By the 1970s, Top of the Pops had an average weekly viewership of 12,500,000 people, had solidified its status as the premier international platform for artists launching new records at the time,<ref name="Hull Daily Mail-1970">{{Cite news |date=February 28, 1970 |title=Launching pad for new discs. |page=6 |work=[[Daily Mail]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/879198242 |access-date=June 3, 2023}}</ref> had firmly established the significance of promotional film clips as a crucial tool for promoting the careers of emerging artists and generating buzz for new releases by established acts, and was significant in developing and popularizing what would later become the music video genre across the globe.<ref name="Riefe-2016a"/><ref name="Reed-2002a"/>

In 1964, [[The Moody Blues]] producer [[Alex Wharton|Alex Murray]] wanted to promote his version of "[[Go Now]]". The short film clip he produced and directed to promote the single has a striking visual style that predates [[Queen (band)|Queen's]] similar "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]" video by a full decade{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}. It also predates what [[the Beatles]] did with promotional films of their single "[[Paperback Writer]]" and B-Side "[[Rain (The Beatles song)|Rain]]", both released in 1966.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Also in 1964, the Beatles starred in their first feature film, ''[[A Hard Day's Night (film)|A Hard Day's Night]]'', directed by US filmmaker [[Richard Lester]]. Shot in [[black-and-white]] and presented as a [[mockumentary|mock documentary]], it interspersed comedic and dialogue sequences with musical tones. The musical sequences furnished basic templates on which numerous subsequent music videos were modeled. It was the direct model for the successful US TV series ''[[The Monkees (TV series)|The Monkees]]'' (1966–1968), which was similarly composed of film segments that were created to accompany various Monkees songs.<ref name=TMT>{{cite book |last= Lefkowitz |first= Eric |title= Monkees Tale|orig-year = 1990| pages= 4, 10, 26, 66, 76| publisher= Last Gasp|location= Berkeley, CA | isbn= 0-86719-378-6|year= 1989 }}</ref> The Beatles' second feature, ''[[Help! (film)|Help!]]'' (1965), was a much more lavish affair, filmed in color in London and on international locations. The title track sequence, filmed in black-and-white, is arguably one of the prime archetypes of the modern performance-style music video, employing rhythmic cross-cutting, contrasting long shots and close-ups, and infrequent shots and camera angles, such as the shot 50 seconds into the song, in which [[George Harrison]]'s left hand and the neck of his guitar are seen in sharp focus in the foreground while the completely out-of-focus figure of [[John Lennon]] sings in the background.{{citation needed|date = July 2024}}

In 1965, the Beatles started making promotional clips (then known as "filmed inserts") for distribution and broadcast on Top of the Pops and in different countries—primarily the [[United States|U.S.]]—so they could promote their record releases without having to make in-person appearances. Their first batch of promo films shot in late 1965 (including their then-current single, "[[Day Tripper]]"/"[[We Can Work It Out]]"), were fairly straightforward mimed-in-studio performance pieces (albeit sometimes in silly sets) and meant to blend in fairly seamlessly with television shows like ''Top of the Pops'' and ''[[Hullabaloo (TV series)|Hullabaloo]]''. By the time the Beatles stopped touring in late 1966, their promotional films, like their recordings, had become highly sophisticated. In May 1966 they filmed two sets of colour promotional clips for their current single "[[Rain (The Beatles song)|Rain]]"/"[[Paperback Writer]]" all directed by [[Michael Lindsay-Hogg]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mvdbase.com/tech.php?last=Lindsay-Hogg&first=Michael |title=Music Video Database |publisher=Mvdbase.com |access-date=June 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119105714/http://www.mvdbase.com/tech.php?last=Lindsay-Hogg&first=Michael |archive-date=November 19, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> who went on to direct ''[[The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus]]'' and the Beatles' final film, ''[[Let It Be (1970 film)|Let It Be]]''. It aired on Top of the Pops on 2 June.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rodriguez |first=Robert |title=Revolver: How the Beatles Reimagined Rock 'n' Roll |publisher=Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61713-009-0 |pages=163, 164}}</ref> The colour promotional clips for "[[Strawberry Fields Forever#Promotional film|Strawberry Fields Forever]]" and "[[Penny Lane]]", made in early 1967 and directed by Peter Goldman,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mvdbase.com/tech.php?last=Goldman&first=Peter |title=Music Video Database - Peter Goldman |publisher=Mvdbase.com |access-date=June 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119122106/http://www.mvdbase.com/tech.php?last=Goldman&first=Peter |archive-date=November 19, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> took the promotional film format to a new level. They used techniques borrowed from underground and avant-garde film, including reversed film and slow motion, dramatic lighting, unusual camera angles, and colour filtering added in post-production. At the end of 1967 the group released their third film, the one hour, made-for-television project ''[[Magical Mystery Tour (film)|Magical Mystery Tour]]''; it was written and directed by the group and first broadcast on the [[BBC]] on [[Boxing Day]] 1967. Although poorly received at the time for lacking a narrative structure, it showed the group to be adventurous music filmmakers in their own right.{{citation needed|date = July 2024}}
[[File:TrailerUSHelp.jpg|right|thumb|The Beatles in ''Help!'']]

[[Concert film]]s were being released in the mid-1960s, at least as early as 1964, with the ''[[T.A.M.I. Show]]''.

The monochrome 1965 clip for [[Bob Dylan]]'s "[[Subterranean Homesick Blues]]" filmed by [[D. A. Pennebaker]] was featured in Pennebaker's Dylan film documentary ''[[Dont Look Back]]''. Eschewing any attempt to simulate performance or present a narrative, the clip shows Dylan standing in a city back alley, silently shuffling a series of large cue cards (bearing key words from the song's lyrics).

Besides the Beatles, many other British artists made "filmed inserts" so they could be screened on TV when the bands were not available to appear live. [[The Who]] featured in several promotional clips, beginning with their 1965 clip for "[[I Can't Explain]]". Their plot clip for "[[Happy Jack (song)|Happy Jack]]" (1966) shows the band acting like a gang of thieves. The promo film to "[[Call Me Lightning (song)|Call Me Lightning]]" (1968) tells a story of how drummer [[Keith Moon]] came to join the group: The other three band members are having tea inside what looks like an abandoned hangar when suddenly a "bleeding box" arrives, out of which jumps a fast-running, time lapse, Moon that the other members subsequently try to get a hold of in a sped-up slapstick chasing sequence to wind him down. [[Pink Floyd]] produced promotional films for their songs, including "[[San Francisco: Film]]", directed by [[Anthony Stern]], "[[The Scarecrow (Pink Floyd song)|Scarecrow]]", "[[Arnold Layne]]" and "[[Interstellar Overdrive]]", the latter directed by [[Peter Whitehead (filmmaker)|Peter Whitehead]], who also made several pioneering clips for [[The Rolling Stones]] between 1966 and 1968. [[The Kinks]] made one of the first "[[Plot (narrative)|plot]]" promotional clips for a song. For their single "[[Dead End Street (song)|Dead End Street]]" (1966) a miniature comic movie was made. The BBC reportedly refused to air the clip because it was considered to be in "poor taste".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kinks.it.rit.edu/videoclips/ |title=Dave Emlen's Kinks Website - Kinks Music Videos |publisher=Kinks.it.rit.edu |access-date=June 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217070454/http://kinks.it.rit.edu/videoclips/ |archive-date=February 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

The Rolling Stones appeared in many promotional clips for their songs in the 1960s. In 1966, [[Peter Whitehead (filmmaker)|Peter Whitehead]] directed two promo clips for their single "[[Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing In The Shadow?]]"<ref name="mvdbase.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.mvdbase.com/artist.php?last=Rolling+Stones&first=the |title=Music Video Database - The Rolling Stones |publisher=Mvdbase.com |access-date=June 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006194722/http://www.mvdbase.com/artist.php?last=Rolling+Stones&first=the |archive-date=October 6, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1967, Whitehead directed a plot clip colour promo clip for the Stones single "[[We Love You]]", which first aired in August 1967.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mvdbase.com/video.php?id=23876 |title=Music Video Database - "We Love You" |publisher=Mvdbase.com |access-date=June 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826220740/http://www.mvdbase.com/video.php?id=23876 |archive-date=August 26, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This clip featured sped-up footage of the group recording in the studio, intercut with a mock trial that clearly alludes to the drug prosecutions of [[Mick Jagger]] and [[Keith Richards]] underway at that time. Jagger's girlfriend [[Marianne Faithfull]] appears in the trial scenes and presents the "judge" (Richards) with what may be the infamous fur rug that had featured so prominently in the press reports of the drug bust at Richards' house in early 1967. When it is pulled back, it reveals an apparently naked Jagger with chains around his ankles. The clip concludes with scenes of the Stones in the studio intercut with footage that had previously been used in the "concert version" promo clip for "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby". The group also filmed a color promo clip for the song "[[2000 Light Years from Home]]" (from their album ''[[Their Satanic Majesties Request]]'') directed by [[Michael Lindsay-Hogg]].<ref name="mvdbase.com"/> In 1968, Michael Lindsay-Hogg directed three clips for their single "[[Jumpin' Jack Flash]]" / "Child Of The Moon"—a color clip for "Child Of The Moon" and two different clips for "Jumpin' Jack Flash". In 1968, they collaborated with [[Jean-Luc Godard]] on the film ''[[Sympathy for the Devil (1968 film)|Sympathy for the Devil]]'', which mixed Godard's politics with documentary footage of the song's evolution during recording sessions.{{citation needed|date = July 2024}}

In 1966, [[Nancy Sinatra]] filmed a clip for her song "[[These Boots Are Made for Walkin']]{{-"}}. [[Roy Orbison]] appeared in promotional clips, such as his 1968 hit, "Walk On".<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/JGlD6Ho24lU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20111130054145/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGlD6Ho24lU&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGlD6Ho24lU/ |title=Roy Orbison - 'Walk On.' |via=YouTube |date=October 3, 2009 |access-date=June 15, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

During late 1972–73, [[Alice Cooper]] featured in a series of promotional films: "[[Elected (song)|Elected]]", "[[Hello Hooray]]", "No More Mr. Nice Guy" and "[[Teenage Lament '74]]". Also during late 1972–73, [[David Bowie]] featured in a series of promotional films directed by pop photographer [[Mick Rock]], who worked extensively with Bowie in this period. Rock directed and edited four clips to promote four consecutive David Bowie singles—"[[John, I'm Only Dancing]]" (May 1972), "[[The Jean Genie]]" (November 1972), the December 1972 US re-release of "[[Space Oddity]]" and the 1973 release of the single "[[Life on Mars?]]" (lifted from Bowie's earlier album ''[[Hunky Dory]]''). The clip for "John, I'm Only Dancing" was made with a budget of just [[US$]]200 and filmed at the afternoon rehearsal for Bowie's [[Rainbow Theatre]] concert on August 19, 1972. It shows Bowie and band mimicking to the record intercut with footage of the [[Lindsay Kemp]] mime troupe, dancing on stage and behind a back-lit screen. The clip was turned down by the BBC, who reportedly found the homosexual overtones of the film distasteful; accordingly, ''Top of the Pops'' replaced it with footage of bikers and a dancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.5years.com/jiodvid.htm |title=''The Ziggy Stardust Companion'' – "John I'm Only Dancing" |publisher=5years.com |access-date=June 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827002210/http://www.5years.com/jiodvid.htm |archive-date=August 27, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The "Jean Genie" clip, produced for just US$350, was shot in one day and edited in less than two days. It intercuts footage of Bowie and band in concert with contrasting footage of the group in a photographic studio, wearing black stage outfits, and standing against a white background. It also includes location footage with Bowie and [[Cyrinda Foxe]] (a MainMan employee and a friend of David and [[Angie Bowie]]) shot in [[San Francisco]] outside the famous [[Mars Hotel]], with Fox posing provocatively in the street while Bowie lounges against the wall, smoking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.5years.com/tjjvid.htm |title=''The Ziggy Stardust Companion'' – "The Jean Genie" |publisher=5years.com |access-date=June 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826231059/http://www.5years.com/tjjvid.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Country music also picked up on the trend of promotional film clips to publicize songs. Sam Lovullo, the producer of the television series ''[[Hee Haw]]'', explained his show presented "what were, in reality, the first musical videos",<ref name="Lovullo">Lovullo, Sam, and Mark Eliot, ''Life in the Kornfield: My 25 Years at'' Hee Haw, Boulevard Books, New York, 1996, p. 34. {{ISBN|1-57297-028-6}}</ref> while JMI Records made the same claim with [[Don Williams]]' 1973 song "[[The Shelter of Your Eyes]]".<ref name="Millard">Millard, Bob, ''Country Music: 70 Years of America's Favorite Music'', HarperCollins, New York, 1993, p. 179. {{ISBN|0-06-273244-7}}</ref> Country music historian Bob Millard wrote that JMI had pioneered the country music video concept by "producing a 3-minute film" to go along with Williams' song.<ref name="Millard"/> Lovullo said his videos were conceptualized by having the show's staff go to nearby rural areas and film animals and farmers, before editing the footage to fit the storyline of a particular song. "The video material was a very workable production item for the show," he wrote. "It provided picture stories for songs. However, some of our guests felt the videos took attention away from their live performances, which they hoped would promote record sales. If they had a hit song, they didn't want to play it under comic barnyard footage." The concept's mixed reaction eventually spelled an end to the "video" concept on ''Hee Haw''.<ref name="Lovullo"/> Promotional films of country music songs, however, continued to be produced.{{citation needed|date = July 2024}}

In 1974, the band [[Sparks (band)|Sparks]] made a promotional video for their song "[[This Town Ain't Big Enough for Both of Us]]".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUJ_ifjKopM | title=Sparks - This Town Ain't Big Enough for Both of Us (Official Video) | via=[[YouTube]] | date=June 24, 2012 }}</ref>