Editing Mumbai (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Mumbai}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Mumbai}}
{{Historical affiliations
| float = left
| width = 22em
| {{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[Bombay Presidency]] (1843–1947)
| {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Bombay State]] (1947–1960)
| {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Maharashtra]] (1960–present)
}}

=== Early history ===
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 94 Kanheri Caves.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Kanheri Caves]] contain Buddhist sculptures and paintings dating from the 1st century CE to the 10th century CE.|alt=A white Buddhist stupa.]]

Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of [[seven islands of Bombay|seven islands]]: [[Isle of Bombay]], [[Parel]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Mahim]], [[Colaba]], [[Worli]], and [[Old Woman's Island]] (also known as ''Little Colaba'').<ref>{{harvnb|Farooqui|2006|p=1}}</ref> It is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited. [[Pleistocene]] sediments found along the coastal areas around [[Kandivali]] in northern Mumbai suggest that the islands were inhabited since the [[South Asian Stone Age]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ghosh|1990|p=25}}</ref> Perhaps at the beginning of the [[Common Era]], or possibly earlier, they came to be occupied by the Koli fishing community.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=5|Ref=bom}}</ref><ref name=city-profile>{{cite web |title=2. Mumbai City Profile |url=http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf |website=GMDMA Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Authority |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai |access-date=19 July 2015 |page=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721202935/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in:9080/gmdma/wp-content/uploads/2015/pdf/city_profile.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of the [[Maurya Empire]], during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor [[Ashoka]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=5}}</ref> The [[Kanheri Caves]] in [[Borivali]] were excavated from basalt rock in the first century CE,<ref name="Ray">{{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=Kanheri: The archaeology of an early Buddhist pilgrimage centre in western India |journal=World Archaeology |date=June 1994 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1994.9980259}}</ref> and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times.<ref>{{harvnb|Kumari|1990|p=37}}</ref> The city then was known as ''Heptanesia'' ([[Ancient Greek]]: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]] in 150&nbsp;CE.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=8}}</ref> The [[Mahakali Caves]] in [[Andheri]] were cut out between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century CE.<ref name="battleneglect">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ancient-caves-battle-neglect/articleshow/4770451.cms |title=Ancient caves battle neglect |last=Jaisinghani |first=Bella |date=13 July 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ancient-caves-battle-neglect/articleshow/4770451.cms |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="threattocaves">{{cite news |title=Threat to caves of Bombay |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060402/spectrum/main2.htm |first=Vinaya |last=Kumar |date=2 April 2006 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193451/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060402/spectrum/main2.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

Between the 2nd century BCE and 9th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive [[History of Mumbai under indigenous empires|indigenous dynasties]]: [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], [[Western Satraps]], [[Abhira kingdom|Abhira]], [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka]], [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuris]], [[Mauryas of Puri|Konkan Mauryas]], [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] and [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]],<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|pp=127–150|Ref=bom}}</ref> before being ruled by the [[Shilahara]]s from 810 to 1260.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=79}}</ref> Some of the oldest edifices in the city built during this period are the [[Jogeshwari Caves]] (between 520 and 525),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf |title=The Slum and the Sacred Cave |page=5 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory ([[Columbia University]]) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123104753/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/eesj/gradpubs/GeneralMags/Patel_Archaeology_SlumandSacredCave_0607.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2008}}</ref> [[Elephanta Caves]] (between the sixth to seventh century),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp |title=World Heritage Sites&nbsp;– Elephanta Caves |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=22 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021063323/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_elephanta.asp |archive-date=21 October 2008}}</ref> [[Walkeshwar Temple]] (10th century),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117 |title=The Legends of Walkeshwar |last=Dwivedi |first=Sharada |date=26 September 2007 |website=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=[[Express Group]] |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101938/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=101117 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Walkeshwar">{{cite book |author=Maharashtra (India) |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtDAAAAYAAJ |edition=1 |volume=24 |year=1986 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |page=596 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtDAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> and [[Banganga Tank]] (12th century).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318 |title=What about Gateway of India, Banganga Tank? |last=Agarwal |first=Lekha |date=2 June 2007 |website=Mumbai Newsline |publisher=Express Group |access-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202153/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=239318 |archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="Banganga">{{cite book |last=Parry |first=Eric |title=Context: Architecture and the Genius of Place|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiDWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |access-date=21 June 2015 |year=2015 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-94673-2 |page=44 |chapter=1: Pavement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=kiDWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Hajiali.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Haji Ali Dargah]] was built in 1431, when Mumbai was under the rule of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]].]]

[[Bhima of Mahikavati|King Bhimdev]] founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century and established his capital in ''Mahikawati'' (present day [[Mahim]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=51}}</ref> The [[Pathare Prabhu]]s, among the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought to ''Mahikawati'' from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev.<ref name="prabhu">{{harvnb|Maharashtra|2004|p=1703|Ref=prabhu}}</ref> The [[Delhi Sultanate]] annexed the islands in 1347–48 and controlled it until 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors of [[Gujarat]], who were appointed by the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=14}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=12}}</ref>

The islands were later governed by the independent [[Gujarat Sultanate]], which was established in 1407. As a result of the Sultanate's support, numerous mosques were built, with one notable example being the [[Haji Ali Dargah]] in [[Worli]]. Erected in 1431, this magnificent structure pays homage to the revered Muslim saint, Haji Ali.<ref>{{harvnb|Khalidi|2006|p=24}}</ref> From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of Deccan.<ref>{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=193|Ref=misra}}</ref><ref name="mis">{{harvnb|Misra|1982|p=222|Ref=misra}}</ref> In 1493, [[Bahadur Khan Gilani]] of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=16}}</ref>

=== Portuguese and British rule ===
{{Main|History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)|History of Bombay under British rule}}
[[File:Madh-fort3.jpg|thumb|The [[Madh Island|Madh Fort]], built by the Portuguese, was one of the most important forts in [[Salsette Island|Salsette]].]]

The [[Mughal Empire]], founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the mid-16th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html |title=Mughal Empire |publisher=Department of Social Sciences ([[University of California]]) |access-date=22 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718061048/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html |archive-date=18 July 2009}}</ref> Growing apprehensive of the power of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Humayun]], Sultan [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] was obliged to sign the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]] with the [[Portuguese Empire]] on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]], the nearby strategic town of [[Vasai|Bassein]] and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=166|Ref=bom}}</ref>

[[File:Flora_Fontain_Mumbai_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|[[Flora Fountain]], built in Neo Classical and Gothic Revival style in 1864, depicts the Roman goddess [[Flora (mythology)|Flora]].]]

The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their [[Roman Catholic]] religious orders in Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=169|Ref=bom}}</ref> They called the islands by various names, which finally took the written form ''Bombaim''. The islands were leased to several Portuguese officers during their regime. The Portuguese [[Franciscans]] and [[Jesuits]] built several churches in the city, prominent being the [[St. Michael's Church (Mumbai)|St. Michael's Church]] at [[Mahim]] (1534),<ref>{{harvnb|David|1995|p=19}}</ref> [[St. John the Baptist Church, Mumbai|St. John the Baptist Church]] at [[Andheri]] (1579),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relishing-a-sunday-feast-but-only-once-in-a-year_1163869 |title=Relishing a Sunday feast, but only once in a year |date=12 May 2008 |last=Shukla |first=Ashutosh |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070104/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relishing-a-sunday-feast-but-only-once-in-a-year_1163869 |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> [[St. Andrew's Church (Mumbai)|St. Andrew's Church]] at [[Bandra]] (1580),<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-life-for-old-church-records/articleshow/3112498.cms?referral=PM |title=New life for old church records |date=9 June 2008 |last=D'Mello |first=Ashley |access-date=2 September 2009 |work=The Times of India |location=India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804093347/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/New-life-for-old-church-records/articleshow/3112498.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> and [[Gloria Church]] at [[Byculla]] (1632).<ref name="gc">{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/glorious-past/233152/ |title=Glorious past |newspaper=Express India |date=28 October 2008 |access-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205151403/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Glorious-past/233152/ |archive-date=5 February 2008}}</ref> The Portuguese also built several fortifications around the city like the [[Bombay Castle]], ''[[Castella de Aguada]]'' (Castelo da Aguada or Bandra Fort), and [[Madh Fort]]. The [[English Empire|English]] were in constant struggle with the Portuguese vying for hegemony over Mumbai, as they recognised its strategic natural harbour and its natural isolation from land attacks. By the middle of the 17th century the growing power of the [[Dutch Empire]] forced the [[English Empire|English]] to acquire a station in western India. On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]], daughter of [[John IV of Portugal|King John IV of Portugal]], placed the islands in possession of the [[English Empire]], as part of Catherine's [[dowry]] to Charles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461 |title=Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705) |date=12 October 2004 |publisher=BBC |access-date=5 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102065741/http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A2998461 |archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> However, [[Salsette Island|Salsette]], [[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Mazagaon]], [[Parel]], [[Worli]], [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]], [[Dharavi]], and [[Wadala Road|Wadala]] still remained under Portuguese possession. From 1665 to 1666, the English managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala.<ref>{{harvnb|The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island|1978|p=54|Ref=bi}}</ref>

[[File:AMH-6748-NA Two views of the English fort in Bombay.jpg|thumb|Two views of the English fort in Bombay, {{Circa|1665}}]]
In accordance with the [[Royal Charter of 27 March 1668]], England leased these islands to the [[English East India Company]] in 1668 for a sum of [[Pound sterling|£]]10 per annum.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=20}}</ref> The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=410}}</ref> The islands were subsequently attacked by [[Yakut Khan]], the [[Muslim]] [[Koli people|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&q=Yakut+Khan+koli&pg=PA174 |title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times |last=Ali |first=Shanti Sadiq |date=1996 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UU1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Koli |title=Bajirao I: an outstanding cavalry general |last1=Palsokar |first1=R. D. |last2=Reddy |first2=T. Rabi |date=1995 |publisher=Reliance Pub. House |isbn=978-81-85972-94-7 |language=en |access-date=1 November 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=UU1uAAAAMAAJ&q=Koli |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623685 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623685/page/n458 443] |quote=Yakub Khan koli. |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kolába and Janjira |last=Campbell |first=Sir James MacNabb |date=1883 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fVBAQAAMAAJ&q=Gohagad+koli |title=A History of the Maratha People |last1=Kincaid |first1=Charles Augustus |last2=Pārasanīsa |first2=Dattātraya Baḷavanta |date=1922 |publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press |language=en |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164648/https://books.google.com/books?id=6fVBAQAAMAAJ&q=Gohagad+koli#v=snippet&q=Gohagad%20koli&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> admiral of the [[Mughal Empire]], in October 1672,<ref name="y72">{{harvnb|Yimene|2004|p=94|Ref=yakg}}</ref> [[Rickloffe van Goen]], the Governor-General of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch India]] on 20 February 1673,<ref>{{Cite conference|url=http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726175635/http://www.isnie.org/assets/files/papers2007/ganley.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 July 2008 |title=Security, the central component of an early modern institutional matrix; 17th century Bombay's Economic Growth |last=Ganley |first=Colin C. |year=2007 |page=13 |publisher=International Society for New Institutional Economics |access-date=6 November 2008}}</ref> and [[Siddi]] admiral [[Siddi Sambal|Sambal]] on 10 October 1673.<ref name="y72" />

In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters from [[Surat]] to Mumbai. The city eventually became the headquarters of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Carsten|1961|p=427}}</ref> Following the transfer, Mumbai was placed at the head of all the company's establishments in India.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=179}}</ref> Towards the end of the 17th century, the islands again suffered incursions from [[Yakut Khan]] in 1689–90.<ref name="iexpress">{{Cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106 |title=Mazgaon fort was blown to pieces&nbsp;– 313 years ago |last=Nandgaonkar |first=Satish |date=22 March 2003 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=20 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030412025617/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47106 |archive-date=12 April 2003}}</ref> The Portuguese presence ended in Mumbai when the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] under ''[[Peshwa]]'' [[Baji Rao I]] captured [[Salsette Island|Salsette]] in 1737, and [[Vasai|Bassein]] in 1739.<ref>{{harvnb|History of Medieval India|p=126|Ref=maratha}}</ref>
By the middle of the 18th century, Mumbai began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=32}}</ref> Later, the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With the [[Treaty of Surat]] (1775), the British formally gained control of [[Salsette]] and Bassein, resulting in the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fortescue|2008|p=145}}</ref> The British were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through the [[Treaty of Purandar (1776)]],<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|p=56}}</ref> and later through the [[Treaty of Salbai]] (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War.<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|p=63}}</ref>

[[File:Ships in Bombay Harbour, 1731.jpg|thumb|Ships in [[Bombay Harbour|Mumbai Harbour]] (c. 1731). Mumbai emerged as a significant trading town during the mid-18th century.]]

From 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the [[seven islands of Bombay]] into a single amalgamated mass by way of a [[causeway]] called the [[Hornby Vellard]], which was completed by 1784.<ref name="Dwivedi 2001 28" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perur |first=Srinath |date=30 March 2016 |title=Story of cities #11: the reclamation of Mumbai – from the sea, and its people? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/30/story-cities-11-reclamation-mumbai-bombay-megacity-population-density-flood-risk |access-date=28 March 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=24 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124223307/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/30/story-cities-11-reclamation-mumbai-bombay-megacity-population-density-flood-risk |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1817, the British East India Company under [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]] defeated [[Baji Rao II]], the last of the Maratha ''Peshwa'' in the [[Battle of Khadki]].<ref>{{harvnb|Naravane|2007|pp=80–82}}</ref> Following his defeat, almost the whole of the [[Deccan Plateau]] came under British suzerainty, and was incorporated into the Bombay Presidency. The success of the British campaign in the Deccan marked the end of all attacks by native powers.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=233|Ref=bom}}</ref>

By 1845, the seven islands coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale [[land reclamation]].<ref name="fp-onceuponatime" /><ref name="mumfact">{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/Trivia.html |title=Maharashtra&nbsp;– trivia |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |access-date=7 December 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016224555/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=..%2FMaharashtraTourism%2FTrivia.html |archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref> On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Mumbai to the neighbouring town of [[Thane|Thana]] (now Thane).<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=127}}</ref> During the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief cotton-trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=343}}</ref>

The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 transformed Mumbai into one of the largest seaports on the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=88}}</ref> In September 1896, Mumbai was hit by a [[Mumbai plague epidemic|bubonic plague epidemic]] where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=74}}</ref> About 850,000 people fled Mumbai and the textile industry was adversely affected.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |title=Rat Trap |issue=6 |journal=[[Time Out Mumbai]] |date=14 November 2008 |access-date=19 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020135/http://timeoutmumbai.net/aroundtown/aroundtown_preview_details.asp?code=45 |archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref> While the city was the capital of the [[Bombay Presidency]], the [[Indian independence movement]] fostered the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942 and the [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]] in 1946.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=345}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=293}}</ref>

=== Independent India ===
{{Main|History of Bombay in Independent India}}
[[File:Victoria Terminus, Bombay in 1950.jpg|thumb|[[Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai]] in 1950 (Victoria Terminus partly visible on far right)]]
After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the [[Bombay Presidency]] retained by India was restructured into [[Bombay State]]. The area of [[Bombay State]] increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State.<ref>{{Harvnb|Census of India|1961|p=23|Ref=cent}}</ref> In April 1950, Municipal limits of Mumbai were expanded by merging the [[Mumbai suburban district|Mumbai Suburban District]] and [[Mumbai city district|Mumbai City]] to form the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |title=Administration |access-date=6 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121000427/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/administrative_setup.htm |archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref>

The [[Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] to create a separate Maharashtra state including Mumbai was at its height in the 1950s. In the ''[[Lok Sabha]]'' discussions in 1955, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514003803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/04/13/stories/2003041300240300.htm |archive-date=14 May 2005 |title=The battle for Bombay |date=13 April 2003 |access-date= 12 November 2008 |website=The Hindu |location=India |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[States Reorganisation Act|States Reorganisation]] Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra–[[Gujarat]] with Mumbai as its capital in its 1955 report. [[Bombay Citizens' Committee]], an advocacy group of leading [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] industrialists lobbied for Mumbai's independent status.<ref>{{Harvnb|Guha|2007|pp=197–8}}</ref>

Following protests during the movement in which 105 people died in clashes with the police, [[Bombay State]] was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/ |title=Sons of soil: born, reborn |date=6 February 2008 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514103258/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sons-of-soil-born-reborn/269628/ |archive-date=14 May 2014}} Retrieved on 12 November 2008.</ref> [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking areas of [[Bombay State]] were partitioned into the state of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php |title=Gujarat |access-date=16 January 2008 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115083238/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_gujurat.php |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Maharashtra State with Mumbai as its capital was formed with the merger of [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking areas of [[Bombay State]], eight districts from [[Central Provinces and Berar]], five districts from [[Hyderabad State]], and numerous princely states enclosed between them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php |title=Maharashtra |access-date=16 January 2008 |publisher=Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105100324/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_maharashtra.php |archive-date=5 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as ''[[Hutatma Chowk]]'' (Martyr's Square) and a memorial was erected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |title=BMC will give jobs to kin of Samyukta Maharashtra martyrs |first=Geeta |last=Desai |access-date=16 November 2008 |date=13 May 2008 |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816124148/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA4LzA1LzEzI0FyMDA1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Hutatma Chowk.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hutatma Chowk]] memorial, built to honour the martyrs of the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] ([[Flora Fountain]] on its left in the background)|alt=A stone statue of torch-bearers as seen at night. A fountain with a white base is in the background]]

The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, [[Nariman Point]] and [[Cuffe Parade]] were reclaimed and developed.<ref>{{harvnb|Dwivedi|Mehrotra|2001|p=306}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (BMRDA) was established on 26 January 1975 by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the [[Mumbai metropolitan area|Mumbai metropolitan region]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307224202/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/index.htm |archive-date=7 March 2009 |title=About Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 1979, a sister township of [[New Bombay|New Mumbai]] was founded by the [[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] (CIDCO) across the [[Thane district|Thane]] and [[Raigad district]]s to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population. The textile industry in Mumbai largely disappeared after the widespread 1982 [[Great Bombay Textile Strike]], in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike.<ref name="a">{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm |title=The Great Mumbai Textile Strike... 25 Years On |date=18 January 2007 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] India Limited |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531192635/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/18sld2.htm |archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of [[Redevelopment of Mumbai mills|intense redevelopment]].<ref name="skylimit">{{cite news |title=From mills to malls, the sky is the limit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/From-mills-to-malls-the-sky-is-the-limit/articleshow/298196.cms |first=Nazer |last=Bharucha |date=24 November 2003 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709080439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/From-mills-to-malls-the-sky-is-the-limit/articleshow/298196.cms |archive-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="revisitmills">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra may revisit redevelopment of textile mill land |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/maharashtra-may-revisit-redevelopment-of-textile-mill-land-112081100041_1.html |first=Sanjay |last=Jog |date=11 August 2012 |work=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706134722/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/maharashtra-may-revisit-redevelopment-of-textile-mill-land-112081100041_1.html |archive-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> Industrial development began in Mumbai when its economy started focusing on the petrochemical, electronic, and automotive sectors. In 1954 [[Hindustan Petroleum]] commissioned [[Mumbai Refinery (HPCL)|Mumbai Refinery]] at [[Trombay]] and [[Mumbai Refinery (BPCL)|BPCL Refinery]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Map of Refineries in India |url=https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Refineries_Map_01_04_2020.pdf |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030003819/https://www.ppac.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/Refineries_Map_01_04_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]], which handles 55–60% of India's containerised cargo, was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek at [[Nhava Sheva]] with a view to de-congest [[Mumbai Harbour]] and to serve as a hub port for the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm |title=Profile of Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House (Nhava Sheva) |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Custom House |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226073604/http://www.jawaharcustoms.gov.in/jnch/others/profile.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> The geographical limits of Greater Mumbai were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Mumbai. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Mumbai district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]], though they continued to be administered by same Municipal Administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/profile.htm |title=Profile |publisher=[[Mumbai Suburban District]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202060333/http://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/html/profile.htm |archive-date=2 December 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref>

The years from 1990 to 2010 saw an increase in violence and terrorism activities. Following the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]], the city was rocked by the [[Bombay riots|Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93]] in which more than 1,000&nbsp;people were killed. In March 1993, [[1993 Bombay bombings|a series of 13 coordinated bombings]] at several city landmarks by [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]] and the [[Mumbai underworld#Mumbai underworld|Mumbai underworld]] resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |title=1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs |access-date=12 November 2008 |date=12 March 1993 |publisher=BBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211202614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref> In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when [[2006 Mumbai train bombings|seven bombs exploded]] on the city's [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|commuter trains]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |title=Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks |date=30 September 2006 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=13 August 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810041902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |archive-date=10 August 2008}}</ref> In 2008, a series of [[2008 Mumbai attacks|ten coordinated attacks]] by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels.<ref name="Casualties">{{cite press release |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45446 |publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India) |date=11 December 2008 |title=HM announces measures to enhance security |access-date=14 December 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221205459/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=45446 |archive-date=21 February 2011}}</ref> The three coordinated [[2011 Mumbai bombings|bomb explosions in July 2011]] that occurred at the [[Opera house]], [[Zaveri Bazaar]] and [[Dadar]] were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai which resulted in 26 deaths and 130 injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai blasts: Death toll rises to 26 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/Article1-727292.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905103034/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26/Article1-727292.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 September 2012 |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="13 July Mumbai bombings">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309 |title=Three bomb blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured |access-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109003829/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai-18-dead-over-130-injured-119083?curl=1420282309 |archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref>

Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub.<ref name="Mumbai global" /> For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services companies, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Annapurna |title=Emerging Patterns of Urban Growth in India |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=34 |issue=16/17 |pages=969–978 |year=1999 |jstor=4407880}}</ref> From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry.<ref>{{harvnb|Brunn|Williams|Zeigler|2003|pages=353–354|Ref=bru}}</ref>