Editing Morrill Land-Grant Acts (section)

==Expansion==
The second Morrill Act (1890) was also aimed at the former [[Confederate States of America|Confederate states]]. This act required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for African Americans.<ref>{{USC|7|323}}</ref> Thus, the second Morrill Act facilitated segregated education, although it also provided higher educational opportunities for African Americans who otherwise would not have had them.<ref>Debra Reid, "People's Colleges for Other Citizens: Black Land-Grant Institutions and the Politics of Educational Expansion in the Post-Civil War Era," in ''Science as Service: Establishing and Reformulating American Land-Grant Universities, 1865-1930'' p. 144 (2015).</ref>  Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of today's [[historically Black colleges and universities]]. Though the 1890 Act granted cash instead of land, it granted colleges under that act the same legal standing as the 1862 Act colleges; hence the term "land-grant college" properly applies to both groups.

Later on, other colleges such as the [[University of the District of Columbia]] and the "1994 land-grant colleges" for Native Americans were also awarded cash by Congress in lieu of land to achieve "land-grant" status.

In imitation of the [[land-grant university|land-grant colleges]]' focus on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established programs of [[sea grant colleges]] (aquatic research, in 1966), [[Urban university|urban grant colleges]] (urban research, in 1985), [[space grant colleges]] (space research, in 1988), and [[sun grant colleges]] (sustainable energy research, in 2003).