Editing Moravia (section)

==History==
=== Pre-history ===
[[File:Vestonicka venuse edit.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Venus of Dolní Věstonice]], the oldest surviving ceramic figurine in the world]]
[[File:Vestonicka nadrz.jpg|thumb|[[Pálava Protected Landscape Area|Pálava mountains]] with [[Věstonice Reservoir]], area of [[Palaeolithic art|palaeolithic]] settlement]]

Evidence of the presence of members of the human genus, ''[[Homo]]'', dates back more than 600,000 years in the [[paleontological]] area of [[Stránská skála]].<ref name="anton" />

Attracted by suitable living conditions, early modern humans had settled in the region by the [[Paleolithic]] period. The [[Předmostí u Přerova (archaeological site)|Předmostí archeological]] ([[Cro-Magnon#Předmostí|Cro-Magnon]]) site in Moravia is dated to between 27,000 and 24,000 years old.<ref name="Velemínskáa08"/><ref name="preddog"/> Caves in [[Moravian Karst]] were used by [[Gravettian|mammoth hunters]]. [[Venus of Dolní Věstonice]], the oldest ceramic figure in the world,<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jan/24/ice-age-art-british-museum?INTCMP=SRCH Jonathan Jones: Carl Andre on notoriety and a 26,000-year-old portrait – the week in art. ''The Guardian'' 25 January 2013]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.donsmaps.com/dolnivi.html|title=Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov sites}}</ref> was found in the excavation of [[Dolní Věstonice (archaeology)|Dolní Věstonice]] by [[Karel Absolon]].<ref>[https://www.thetimes.com/article/oldest-homes-were-made-of-mammoth-bone-xtc95gcg6vx Oldest homes were made of mammoth bone. ''The Times''  29.8.2005]</ref> In November 2024 a new discovery was made on the outskirts of Brno, where bones of at least three mammoths were found along with other animals and human stone tools dating back 15,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Skeletal remains of three mammoths discovered in Brno city centre |url=https://english.radio.cz/skeletal-remains-three-mammoths-discovered-brno-city-centre-8834259 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Radio Prague International |language=en}}</ref>

=== Bronze Age ===
During the Bronze Age, people of various cultures have settled in Moravia. Notably the [[Nitra]] culture which emerged from the tradition of the [[Neolithic]] [[Corded Ware culture]] and was spread in western Slovakia (hence the name, derived from Slovak [[Nitra (river)|river Nitra]]), eastern Moravia and southern Poland.  The largest burial site (400 graves) of Nitra culture in Moravia was discovered in [[Holešov]] in 1960's.<ref name="JAS-29">{{cite journal |last1=Kaňáková |first1=Ludmila |last2=Bátora |first2=Jozef |last3=Nosek |first3=Vojtěch |title=Use-wear and ballistic analysis of arrowheads from the burial ground of Nitra culture in Holešov–Zdražilovska, Moravia |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=February 2020 |volume=29 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102126 |bibcode=2020JArSR..29j2126K |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102126 |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>
The most recent discovery unearthed 2 settlements and two burial grounds (with total 130 graves) near [[Olomouc]], one of them of the Nitra culture dating between the years 2100-1800 BC and was published in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=Archaeologists discover unique Early Bronze Age burial site near Olomouc |url=https://english.radio.cz/archaeologists-discover-unique-early-bronze-age-burial-site-near-olomouc-8832356 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Radio Prague International |language=en}}</ref> This discovery adds up to other Bronze Age discoveries such as a sword found near the city of Přerov, the sword was called ‘the Excalibur of the Late Bronze Age’.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=Moravia's Excalibur: Bronze-Age sword unearthed near Přerov |url=https://english.radio.cz/moravias-excalibur-bronze-age-sword-unearthed-near-prerov-8832735 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Radio Prague International |language=en}}</ref>

===Roman era===
Around 60 BC, the [[Celt]]ic [[Volcae]] people withdrew from the region and were succeeded by the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Quadi]]. Some of the events of the [[Marcomannic Wars]] took place in Moravia in AD 169–180. After the war exposed the weakness of [[Limes Romanus|Rome's northern frontier]], half of the [[Roman legion]]s (16 out of 33) were stationed along the [[Danube]]. In response to increasing numbers of [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] settlers in frontier regions like [[Pannonia (Roman province)|Pannonia]], [[Dacia]], Rome established two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, [[Marcomannia]] and [[Sarmatians|Sarmatia]], including today's Moravia and western [[Romans in Slovakia|Slovakia]].

In the 2nd century AD, a [[Roman fortress in Moravia (Mušov)|Roman fortress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marcomannia.cz/PAGES/Musov_Burgstall.html|title=Detašované pracoviště Dolní Dunajovice – Hradisko u Mušova}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marcomannia.cz/PAGES/Burg_fortification.html|title=Opevnění – Detašované pracoviště Dolní Dunajovice, AÚ AV ČR Brno, v. v. i.}}</ref> stood on the vineyards hill known as {{langx|de|link=no|Burgstall}} and {{langx|cs|Hradisko}} ("[[hillfort]]"), situated above the former village [[Mušov]] and above today's beach resort at [[Pasohlávky]]. During the reign of the Emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]], the [[Legio X Gemina|10th Legion]] was assigned to control the Germanic tribes who had been defeated in the Marcomannic Wars.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSnRD5X16zYC&q=Suchohrad+roman+fort&pg=PA893|title=Limes XX: Estudios sobre la frontera romana (Roman frontier studies)|first1=Norbert|last1=Hanel|first2=Ángel Morillo|last2=Cerdán|first3=Esperanza Martín|last3=Hernández|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9788400088545}}</ref> In 1927, the archeologist Gnirs, with the support of president [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]], began research on the site, located 80&nbsp;km from [[Vindobona]] and 22&nbsp;km to the south of Brno. The researchers found remnants of two masonry buildings, a ''[[praetorium]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marcomannia.cz/PAGES/Burg_mansio.html|title=Lázeňská a obytná budova – Detašované pracoviště Dolní Dunajovice, AÚ AV ČR Brno, v. v. i.}}</ref> and a ''[[Roman Baths (Bath)|balneum]]'' ("bath"), including a ''[[hypocaustum]]''. The discovery of bricks with the stamp of the [[Legio X Gemina]] and coins from the period of the emperors [[Antoninus Pius]], [[Marcus Aurelius]] and [[Commodus]] facilitated dating of the locality.

===Ancient Moravia===
{{see also|Great Moravia}}
<!--[[File:West slavs 9th-10th c..png|thumb|West Slavic tribes (9th–10th century)]]-->
[[File:Great Moravia-eng.png|thumb|Territory of [[Great Moravia]] in the 9th century: area ruled by Rastislav (846–870) map marks the greatest territorial extent during the reign of [[Svatopluk I of Moravia|Svatopluk I]] (871–894), violet core is origin of Moravia.]]
[[File:Dóm Svatého Václava, Olomouc.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Wenceslas Cathedral]] in Olomouc, seat of [[List of bishops and archbishops of Olomouc|bishops of Olomouc]] since the 10th century and the current seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Olomouc|Archbishopric of Olomouc]], the Metropolitan archdiocese of Moravia]]

A variety of Germanic and major [[Slavs|Slavic]] tribes crossed through Moravia during the [[Migration Period]] before Slavs established themselves in the 6th century AD. At the end of the 8th century, the Moravian Principality came into being in present-day south-eastern Moravia, [[Záhorie]] in south-western Slovakia and parts of [[Lower Austria]]. In 833 AD, this became the state of [[Great Moravia]]<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/227715/The_history_and_archaeology_of_Great_Moravia_an_introduction Florin Kurta. ''The history and archaeology of Great Moravia: an introduction''. in: "Early Medieval Europe", 2009 volume 17 (3)]</ref> with the conquest of the [[Principality of Nitra]] (present-day Slovakia). Their first king was [[Mojmír I]] (ruled 830–846). [[Louis the German]] invaded Moravia and replaced Mojmír I with his nephew [[Rastislav of Moravia|Rastiz]] who became St. Rastislav.<ref>Reuter, Timothy. (1991). ''Germany in the Early Middle Ages'', London: Longman, page 82</ref>  St. Rastislav (846–870) tried to emancipate his land from the [[Carolingian Empire|Carolingian influence]], so he sent envoys to Rome to get missionaries to come. When Rome refused he turned to [[Constantinople]] to the [[Michael III|Byzantine emperor Michael]]. The result was the mission of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]] who translated [[liturgical book]]s into [[Old Church Slavonic|Slavonic]], which had lately been elevated by the Pope to the same level as Latin and Greek. Methodius became the first Moravian archbishop, the first archbishop in Slavic world, but after his death the German influence again prevailed and the disciples of Methodius were forced to flee. Great Moravia reached its greatest territorial extent in the 890s under [[Svatopluk I]]. At this time, the empire encompassed the territory of the present-day [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]], the western part of present [[Hungary]] ([[Pannonia]]), as well as [[Lusatia]] in present-day Germany and [[Silesia]] and the upper [[Vistula]] basin in southern [[Poland]]. After Svatopluk's death in 895, the Bohemian princes defected to become vassals of the East Frankish ruler [[Arnulf of Carinthia]], and the Moravian state ceased to exist after being overrun by [[Hungarian invasions of Europe|invading Magyars]] in 907.<ref>{{cite book |last=Štefan |first=Ivo |editor1-last= Macháček |editor1-first= Jiří |editor2-last=Ungerman |editor2-first=Šimon | title=Frühgeschichtliche Zentralorte in Mitteleuropa |publisher=Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt | location = Bonn |year=2011 |pages=333–354 |chapter=Great Moravia, Statehood and Archaeology: The "Decline and Fall" of One Early Medieval Polity |isbn=978-3-7749-3730-7 | chapter-url = https://www.academia.edu/1016725 | access-date = 27 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Spiesz |first1=Anton |last2=Caplovic |first2=Dusan |year=2006 |title=Illustrated Slovak History: A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe |publisher= Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |isbn=978-0-86516-426-0 }}</ref>

===Union with Bohemia===
{{main|Margraviate of Moravia|Duchy of Bohemia|Kingdom of Bohemia}}

Following the defeat of the Magyars by Emperor [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] at the [[Battle of Lechfeld]] in 955, Otto's ally [[Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Boleslaus I]], the [[Přemyslid]] ruler of [[Bohemia]], took control over Moravia. [[Bolesław I Chrobry]] of Poland annexed Moravia in 999, and ruled it until 1019,<ref>The exact dating of the conquest of Moravia by Bohemian dukes is uncertain. Czech and some Slovak historiographers suggest the year 1019, while Polish, German and other Slovak historians suggest 1029, during the rule of Boleslaus' son, [[Mieszko II Lambert]].</ref> when the Přemyslid prince [[Bretislaus I of Bohemia|Bretislaus]] recaptured it. Upon his father's death in 1034, Bretislaus became the ruler of Bohemia. In 1055, he decreed that Bohemia and Moravia would be inherited together by [[primogeniture]], although he also provided that his younger sons should govern parts (quarters) of Moravia as vassals to his oldest son.

Throughout the Přemyslid era, junior princes often ruled all or part of Moravia from [[Olomouc]], [[Brno]] or [[Znojmo]], with varying degrees of autonomy from the ruler of Bohemia. Dukes of Olomouc often acted as the "right hand" of Prague dukes and kings, while Dukes of Brno and especially those of Znojmo were much more insubordinate. Moravia reached its height of autonomy in 1182, when Emperor [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]] elevated [[Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia|Conrad II Otto of Znojmo]] to the status of a [[margrave]],<ref>There are no primary testimonies about creating a margraviate (march) as distinct political unit</ref> immediately subject to the emperor, independent of Bohemia. This status was short-lived: in 1186, Conrad Otto was forced to obey the supreme rule of [[Duke of Bohemia|Bohemian duke]] [[Frederick, Duke of Bohemia|Frederick]]. Three years later, Conrad Otto succeeded to Frederick as Duke of Bohemia and subsequently canceled his margrave title. Nevertheless, the margrave title was restored in 1197 when [[Vladislaus III of Bohemia]] resolved the succession dispute between him and his brother [[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Ottokar]] by abdicating from the Bohemian throne and accepting Moravia as a vassal land of Bohemian (i.e., Prague) rulers. Vladislaus gradually established this land as [[Margraviate]], slightly administratively different from Bohemia. After the [[Battle of Legnica]], the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] carried their raids into Moravia.

The main line of the [[Přemyslid]] dynasty became extinct in 1306, and in 1310 [[John of Luxembourg]] became Margrave of Moravia and King of Bohemia. In 1333, he made his son [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles]] the next Margrave of Moravia (later in 1346, Charles also became the King of Bohemia). In 1349, Charles gave Moravia to his younger brother [[John Henry, Margrave of Moravia|John Henry]] who ruled in the margraviate until his death in 1375, after him Moravia was ruled by his oldest son [[Jobst of Moravia]] who was in 1410 elected the Holy Roman King but died in 1411 (he is buried with his father in the [[Church of St. Thomas (Brno)|Church of St. Thomas in Brno]] – the Moravian capital from which they both ruled). Moravia and Bohemia remained within the [[Luxembourg dynasty]] of Holy Roman kings and emperors (except during the [[Hussite wars]]), until inherited by [[Albert II of Habsburg]] in 1437.

After his death followed the [[interregnum]] until 1453; land (as the rest of lands of the Bohemian Crown) was administered by the [[landfriedens]] (''landfrýdy''). The rule of young [[Ladislaus the Posthumous]] subsisted only less than five years and subsequently (1458) the Hussite [[George of Poděbrady]] was elected as the king. He again reunited all Czech lands (then Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Upper & Lower Lusatia) into one-man ruled state. In 1466, [[Pope Paul II]] excommunicated George and forbade all Catholics (i.e. about 15% of population) from continuing to serve him. The Hungarian [[Crusades|crusade]] followed and in 1469 [[Matthias Corvinus]] conquered Moravia and proclaimed himself (with assistance of rebelling [[Bohemian nobility]]) as the king of Bohemia.

The subsequent 21-year period of a divided kingdom was decisive for the rising awareness of a specific Moravian identity, distinct from that of Bohemia. Although Moravia was reunited with Bohemia in 1490 when [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Vladislaus Jagiellon]], king of Bohemia, also became king of Hungary, some attachment to Moravian "freedoms" and resistance to government by Prague continued until the end of independence in 1620. In 1526, Vladislaus' son [[Louis II of Bohemia|Louis]] died in battle and the Habsburg [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] was elected as his successor.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
Bohemia 1138–1254.jpg|Bohemia and Moravia in the 12th century
Brno - Kostel sv. Tomáše, místodžitelský palác a alegorická postava spravedlnosti.jpg|[[Church of St. Thomas (Brno)|Church of St. Thomas in Brno]], mausoleum of Moravian branch [[House of Luxembourg]], rulers of Moravia; and the old governor's palace, a former Augustinian abbey
Trebic podklasteri bazilika velka apsida.jpg|12th century Romanesque [[St. Procopius Basilica in Třebíč]]
Moravská orlice.jpg|The [[Coat of arms of Moravia|Moravian banner of arms]], which first appeared in the medieval era<ref>{{cite conference|first1 = Zbyšek|last1 = Svoboda|first2 = Pavel|last2 = Fojtík|first3 = Petr|last3 = Exner|first4 = Jaroslav|last4 = Martykán|title = Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce|book-title = Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169|pages = 3319, 3320|publisher = Česká vexilologická společnost|date = 2013|location = Brno|url = https://www.vexilologie.cz/cvs/vexilologie/vexie169.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|first = František|last = Pícha|title = Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského|book-title = Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169|pages = 3320–3324|publisher = Česká vexilologická společnost|date = 2013|location = Brno|url = https://www.vexilologie.cz/cvs/vexilologie/vexie169.pdf}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Habsburg rule (1526–1918) ===
<!--'Habsburg Moravia' redirects here-->
{{anchor|Habsburg Rule (1526-1918)}}
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After the death of King [[Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia]] in 1526, [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] of [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]] was elected King of Bohemia and thus ruler of the [[Crown of Bohemia]] (including Moravia). The epoch 1526–1620 was marked by increasing animosity between Catholic Habsburg kings (emperors) and the Protestant Moravian nobility (and other Crowns') estates. Moravia,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/travel/in-the-czech-republic-moravia-and-its-castles.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 Evan Rail (23 September 2011). The Castles of Moravia. ''NYT'' 23.9.2011]</ref> like Bohemia, was a Habsburg possession until the end of [[World War I]]. In 1573 the [[Jesuit order|Jesuit]] [[University of Olomouc]] was established; this was the first university in Moravia. The establishment of a special papal seminary, Collegium Nordicum, made the University a centre of the Catholic Reformation and effort to revive Catholicism in Central and Northern Europe. The second largest group of students were from [[Scandinavia]].

Brno and Olomouc served as Moravia's capitals until 1641. As the only city to successfully resist the Swedish invasion, Brno become the sole capital following the capture of Olomouc. The Margraviate of Moravia had, from 1348 in Olomouc and Brno, its own [[Moravian Diet|Diet, or parliament]], ''zemský sněm'' (''Landtag'' in German), whose deputies from 1905 onward were elected separately from the ethnically separate German and Czech constituencies. The oldest surviving theatre building in Central Europe, the [[Reduta Theatre]], was established in 17th-century Moravia. 

From 1599 to 1711, Moravia was frequently [[Ottoman raids on Moravia|subjected to raids]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and its vassals (especially the [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]] and [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvania]]). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Petra |last=Košťálová|editor-first1=Mateusz|editor-last1=Chmurski|editor-first2=Irina|editor-last2=Dmytrychyn|year=2022 |title=Contested Landscape: Moravian Wallachia and Moravian Slovakia. An Imagology Study on the Ottoman Border Narrative|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27185958 |journal=[[Revue des études slaves]] |volume=93 |issue=1 |doi=10.4000/res.5138|issn=2117-718X|publisher=OpenEdition|page=110|jstor=27185958 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ilcik.cz/dubnany/dejiny/od_1656.html Lánové rejstříky (1656–1711)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312041124/http://ilcik.cz/dubnany/dejiny/od_1656.html |date=12 March 2012 }} {{in lang|cs}}</ref> 

In 1740, Moravia was invaded by Prussian forces under [[Frederick the Great]], and Olomouc was forced to surrender on 27 December 1741. A few months later, the Prussians were repelled, mainly because of their unsuccessful siege of Brno in 1742. In 1758, Olomouc was [[Siege of Olomouc|besieged by Prussians]] again, but this time its defenders forced the Prussians to withdraw following the [[Battle of Domstadtl]]. In 1777, a new Moravian bishopric was established in Brno, and the Olomouc bishopric was elevated to an archbishopric.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10561a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Moravia}}</ref> In 1782, the Margraviate of Moravia was merged with [[Austrian Silesia]] into ''Moravia-Silesia'', with Brno as its capital. Moravia became a separate crown land of Austria again in 1849,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Czechoslovakia: A Country Study |publisher=US Army |year=1898 |pages=27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moravia {{!}} historical region, Europe {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Moravia |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> and then became part of [[Cisleithania]]n Austria-Hungary after 1867. According to Austro-Hungarian census of 1910 the proportion of Czechs in the population of Moravia at the time (2,622,000) was 71.8%, while the proportion of Germans was 27.6%.<ref>Hans Chmelar: ''Höhepunkte der österreichischen Auswanderung. Die Auswanderung aus den im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreichen und Ländern in den Jahren 1905–1914.'' (= ''Studien zur Geschichte der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie.'' Band 14) Kommission für die Geschichte der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1974, {{ISBN|3-7001-0075-2}}, p.&nbsp;109.</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Growth of Habsburg territories.jpg|[[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] [[Crown land]]s: growth of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] territories and [[Habsburg Moravia|Moravia's status]]
Verwaltungsgliederung der Markgrafschaft Mähren 1893.svg|Administrative division of Moravia as crown land of Austria in 1893
</gallery>

===20th century===
[[File:MapMorav1906-0523.jpg|alt=Administrative map of Moravia and Silesia, 1906|thumb|Administrative map of Moravia and Silesia, 1906]]
Following the break-up of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] in 1918, Moravia became part of [[Czechoslovakia]]. As one of the five lands of Czechoslovakia, it had restricted autonomy. In 1928 Moravia ceased to exist as a territorial unity and was merged with [[Czech Silesia]] into the Moravian-Silesian Land (yet with the natural dominance of Moravia). By the [[Munich Agreement]] (1938), the southwestern and northern peripheries of Moravia, which had a German-speaking majority, were annexed by [[Nazi Germany]], and during the German [[occupation of Czechoslovakia]] (1939–1945), the remnant of Moravia was an administrative unit within the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]. 

During [[World War II]], the Germans operated multiple [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camps in the region, including several subcamps of the [[Stalag VIII-B|Stalag VIII-B/344]] [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camp]] for [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] POWs,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|title=Working Parties|website=Lamsdorf.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|access-date=5 November 2023|archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> a [[List of subcamps of Auschwitz|subcamp]] of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] in [[Brno]] for mostly [[Polish people|Polish]] prisoners,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/brnn/|title=Brünn|website=Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau|access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> and a subcamp of the [[Gross-Rosen concentration camp]] in [[Červená Voda (Ústí nad Orlicí District)|Bílá Voda]] for Jewish women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.gross-rosen.eu/historia-kl-gross-rosen/filie-obozu-gross-rosen/|title=Subcamps of KL Gross-Rosen|website=Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoźnica|access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> The occupiers also established several POW camps, including Heilag VIII-H, [[Oflag VIII-F]] and Oflag VIII-H, for [[French prisoners of war in World War II|French]], British, Belgian and other Allied POWs in the region.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Overmans|first2=Rüdiger|last3=Vogt|first3=Wolfgang|year=2022|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|pages=207, 257, 259|isbn=978-0-253-06089-1}}</ref>

In 1945 after the Allied defeat of Germany and the end of World War II, the German minority was [[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after World War II|expelled]] to Germany and [[Austria]] in accordance with the [[Potsdam Agreement]]. The Moravian-Silesian Land was restored with Moravia as part of it and towns and villages that were left by the former German inhabitants, were re-settled by Czechs, [[Slovaks]] and reemigrants.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bičík |first1=Ivan |last2=Štěpánek |first2=Vít |title=Post-war changes of the land-use structure in Bohemia and Moravia: Case study Sudetenland |journal=GeoJournal |date=1994 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=253–259 |doi=10.1007/BF01122117 |bibcode=1994GeoJo..32..253B |s2cid=189878438 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01122117}}</ref> In 1949 the territorial division of Czechoslovakia was radically changed, as the Moravian-Silesian Land was abolished and Lands were replaced by "''kraje''" (regions), whose borders substantially differ from the historical Bohemian-Moravian border, so Moravia politically ceased to exist after more than 1100 years (833–1949) of its history. Although another administrative reform in 1960 implemented (among others) the North Moravian and the South Moravian regions (''Severomoravský'' and ''Jihomoravský kraj''), with capitals in Ostrava and Brno respectively, their joint area was only roughly alike the historical state and, chiefly, there was no land or federal autonomy, unlike Slovakia.

After the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] and the whole [[Eastern Bloc]], the Czechoslovak [[Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)|Federal Assembly]] condemned the cancellation of Moravian-Silesian land and expressed "firm conviction that this injustice will be corrected" in 1990. However, after the [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|breakup]] of Czechoslovakia into [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] in 1993, Moravian area remained integral to the Czech territory, and the latest administrative division of Czech Republic (introduced in 2000) is similar to the administrative division of 1949. Nevertheless, the [[federalism|federalist]] or [[separatism|separatist]] movement in Moravia is completely marginal.

The centuries-lasting historical Bohemian-Moravian border has been preserved up to now only by the [[List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of the Czech Republic|Czech Roman Catholic Administration]], as the Ecclesiastical Province of Moravia corresponds with the former Moravian-Silesian Land. The popular perception of the Bohemian-Moravian border's location is distorted by the memory of the 1960 regions (whose boundaries are still partly in use).

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JanCerny.jpg|[[Jan Černý]], president of Moravia in 1922–1926, later also Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia
Map of Moravia.jpg|A general map of Moravia in the 1920s
First Czechoslovak Republic.SVG|In 1928, Moravia was merged into Moravia-Silesia, one of four lands of Czechoslovakia, together with Bohemia, [[Slovakia#Czechoslovakia (1918–1939)|Slovakia]] and [[Carpathian Ruthenia#Subcarpathian Rus' (1928–1938)|Subcarpathian Rus]].
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