Editing Moped (section)

==Emissions==
[[File:Piaggio Ciao SC Arcobaleno 1973.jpg|thumb|[[Piaggio Ciao]] (1973)]]
Mopeds can achieve [[fuel economy]] of over {{convert|100|mpgus|abbr=on}}. The [[vehicle emissions control|emissions]] of mopeds have been the subject of multiple studies. Studies have found that [[two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] 50&nbsp;cc mopeds, with and without catalytic converters, emit ten to thirty times the [[hydrocarbon]]s and [[particulate emissions]] of the outdated [[European emission standards|Euro 3]] automobile standards.<ref name="eri">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eri.ucr.edu/ISAFXVCD/ISAFXVAF/EmMPFAM.pdf |title=Emissions from a Moped Fuelled by Gasoline/Ethanol Mixtures |author=Schramm |display-authors=etal |access-date=2010-07-18 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610233337/http://www.eri.ucr.edu/ISAFXVCD/ISAFXVAF/EmMPFAM.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Chemical characterization of emissions from modern two-stroke mopeds complying with legislative regulation in Europe (EURO-2) |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=505–512 |doi=10.1021/es9021969 |pmid=19928903 |year = 2010|last1 = Adam|first1 = T.|last2=Farfaletti |first2=A. |last3=Montero |first3=L. |last4=Martini |first4=G. |last5=Manfredi |first5=U. |last6=Larsen |first6=B. |last7=Santi |first7=G. De |last8=Krasenbrink |first8=A. |last9=Astorga |first9=C. |bibcode=2010EnST...44..505A }}</ref> In the same study, [[four-stroke engine|four-stroke]] mopeds, with and without catalytic converters, emitted three to eight times the hydrocarbons and particulate emissions of the Euro 3 automobile standards.<ref name="eri" /> Approximate parity with automobiles was achieved with [[NOx]] emissions in these studies. Emissions performance was tested on a g/km basis and was unaffected by fuel economy. Currently in the United States, the [[EPA]] allows motorcycles, scooters, and mopeds with engine displacements less than {{cvt|280|cc|cuin}} to emit ten times the NOx and six times the [[carbon monoxide|CO]] as the median Tier II bin 5 automobile regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/oms/regs/roadbike/1-hmc-regs-pres.pdf|title=Highway Motorcycles: EPA Regulations and Global Activity Update|access-date=2011-06-10|date=2016-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.edmunds.com/car-technology/untangling-us-vehicle-emissions-regulations-pg2.html |title=Untangling US Vehicle Emissions Regulations |last=Kavanagh |first=Jason |access-date=2011-06-10}}</ref> An additional air quality problem can also arise from the use of moped and scooter transportation over automobiles, as a higher density of motorized vehicles can be supported by existing [[transportation infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iea-amf.vtt.fi/pdf/annex33_B249_4annexes_v1.pdf|work=IEA|title=2 Stroke Scooters International Projects Network|access-date=2010-07-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194322/https://www.iea-amf.vtt.fi/pdf/annex33_B249_4annexes_v1.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>