Editing Montgomery bus boycott (section)

===Rosa Parks===
{{Main|Rosa Parks}}
[[File:Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested for refusing to give up her seat for a white passenger on a segregated municipal bus in Montgomery, Alabama.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after her arrest for boycotting public transportation]]
[[Rosa Parks]] (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was a [[Sewing|seamstress]] by profession; she was also the secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|NAACP]]. Twelve years before her history-making arrest, Parks was stopped from boarding a city bus by driver [[James F. Blake]], who ordered her to board at the rear door and then drove off without her. Parks vowed never again to ride a bus driven by Blake. As a member of the NAACP, Parks was an investigator assigned to cases of sexual assault. In 1945, she was sent to [[Abbeville, Alabama]], to investigate the gang rape of [[Recy Taylor]]. The protest that arose around the Taylor case was the first instance of a nationwide civil rights protest, and it laid the groundwork for the Montgomery bus boycott.<ref>{{cite book|last=McGuire|first=Danielle L.|title=At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance- A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power|year=2010|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-307-26906-5|page=8 and 39}}</ref>

[[File:Rosaparks busdiagram.jpg|thumb|A diagram showing where Rosa Parks sat in the unreserved section at the time of her arrest]]
In 1955, Parks completed a course in "Race Relations" at the [[Highlander Research and Education Center|Highlander Folk School]] in Tennessee, where [[nonviolent]] [[civil disobedience]] had been discussed as a tactic. On December 1, 1955, Parks was sitting in the foremost row in which black people could sit (in the middle section). When a white man boarded the bus, the bus driver told everyone in her row to move back. At that moment, Parks realized that she was again on a bus driven by Blake. While all of the other black people in her row complied, Parks refused, and she was arrested<ref>{{cite web |title=Rosa Park's arrest report |date=December 1, 1955 |url=http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/rosa_parks_arrest_report.pdf |access-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022072358/http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/rosa_parks_arrest_report.pdf |archive-date=October 22, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> for failing to obey the driver's seat assignments, as city ordinances did not explicitly mandate segregation but did give the bus driver authority to assign seats. Found guilty on December 5,<ref>[http://ea.grolier.com/cgi-bin/article?assetid=0303225-00 "Parks, Rosa Louise." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=Balon Greyjoy |fix-attempted=yes }} (accessed May 8, 2009).</ref> Parks was fined $10 plus a court cost of $4''<ref name="globe">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2005/10/25/rosa_parks_civil_rights_icon_dead_at_92/?page=3 |title=Rosa Parks, civil rights icon, dead at 92 - The Boston Globe |newspaper=Boston.com |date=October 25, 2005 |access-date=September 28, 2012|last1=Feeney |first1=Mark }}</ref>'' (combined total {{Inflation|US|14|1955|fmt=eq}}), and she appealed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital History|url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=3&psid=1142|access-date=January 22, 2021|website=www.digitalhistory.uh.edu}}</ref>  This movement also sparked riots leading up to the [[1956 Sugar Bowl]].<ref>{{Cite news | last = Thamel | first = Pete |author-link=Pete Thamel | title = Grier Integrated a Game and Earned the World's Respect | newspaper = New York Times | date = 2006-01-01 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/sports/ncaafootball/01grier.html | access-date=2009-04-15 }}</ref>