Editing Monterey, California (section)

=== Spanish period ===
[[File:GaspardeZugnigayAcevedo (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey]], namesake of [[Monterey Bay]], and thus the city and county]]
The city is named after [[Monterey Bay]]. The bay's name was given by [[Sebastián Vizcaíno]] in 1602. He anchored in what is now Monterey harbor on December 16, and named it ''Puerto de Monterrey'', in honor of the [[Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey|Conde de Monterrey]], then the viceroy of [[New Spain]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Gudde | first = Erwin G. | title = California Place Names | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1949 | location = Berkeley, Calif. | page = 222 | asin = B000FMOPP4  }}</ref> Monterrey is an alternate spelling of [[Monterrei]], a municipality in the [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia region]] of [[Spain]] from which the viceroy and his father (the Fourth Count of Monterrei) originated. Some variants of the city's name are recorded as Monte Rey and Monterey.<ref name=CGN>{{California's Geographic Names|926}}</ref> Monterey Bay had been described earlier by [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] as La Bahia de los Pinos (Bay of the Pines).<ref name=HISTORY/> Despite the explorations of Cabrillo and Vizcaino, and despite Spain's frequent trading voyages between Asia and Mexico, the Spanish did not make Monterey Bay into a settled permanent harbor before the 18th century because it was too exposed to rough ocean currents and winds.

Despite Monterey's limited use as a maritime port, the encroachments of other Europeans near California in the 18th century prompted the Spanish monarchy to try to better secure the region. As a result, it commissioned the Portola exploration and Alta California mission system. In 1769, the first European land exploration of [[Alta California]], the Spanish [[Portolá expedition]], traveled north from [[San Diego, California|San Diego]]. They sought Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey, which he had described as "a fine harbor sheltered from all winds" 167 years earlier.{{sfn|Rolle|1987|pp=51–52}} The explorers failed to recognize the place when they came to it on October 1, 1769. The party continued north as far as [[San Francisco Bay]] before turning back. On the return journey, they camped near one of Monterey's lagoons on November 27, still not convinced they had found the place Vizcaíno had described.{{sfn|Rolle|1987|pp=52–53}} [[Franciscan]] missionary [[Juan Crespí]] noted in his diary, "We halted in sight of the Point of Pines (recognized, as was said, in the beginning of October) and camped near a small lagoon which has rather muddy water, but abounds in pasture and firewood."<ref>{{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Herbert E. |pages=240–241 |year=1927 |title=Fray Juan Crespi: Missionary Explorer on the Pacific Coast, 1769–1774 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000288788 |publisher=HathiTrust Digital Library |access-date=May 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322103835/http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000288788 |archive-date=March 22, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> 
[[File:Father Serra Celebrates Mass at Monterey by Léon Trousset.jpg|thumb|left|Saint [[Junípero Serra]] celebrating mass in Monterey in 1770.]]
[[Gaspar de Portolá]] returned by land to Monterey the next year, having concluded that he must have been at Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey after all. The land party was met at Monterey by [[Junípero Serra]],{{sfn|Rolle|1987|p=54}} who traveled by sea. Portolá erected the [[Presidio of Monterey]] to defend the port and, on June 3, 1770, Serra founded the Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo inside the presidio enclosure. Portolá returned to Mexico, replaced in Monterey by Captain [[Pedro Fages]], who had been third in command on the exploratory expeditions. Fages became the second governor of Alta California, serving from 1770 to 1774.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Paddison, Joshua|year=1999|title=A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush|publisher=Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA|isbn=978-1-890771-13-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed00josh/page/23 23]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed00josh/page/23}}</ref>
[[File:William Smyth The Presidio and Pueblo of Monterey (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Presidio of Monterey, California|Presidio of Monterey]] was built in 1771 by [[Pedro Fages]], on a site selected by [[Miguel Costansó]] in 1770.]]
Serra's missionary aims soon came into conflict with Fages and the soldiers, so he relocated and built a new mission in [[Mission San Carlos Borromeo|Carmel]] the next year to gain greater independence from Fages. The existing wood and [[adobe]] church remained in service to the nearby soldiers and became the [[Royal Presidio Chapel]].

Monterey became the capital of the "Province of Both Californias" in 1777, and the chapel was renamed the [[Royal Presidio Chapel]]. The original church was destroyed by fire in 1789 and replaced by the present [[sandstone]] structure. It was completed in 1794 by Indian labor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/ca/ca28.htm |title=Early History of the California Coast Travel Itinerary: Royal Presidio Chapel |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=January 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305061936/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/ca/ca28.htm |archive-date=March 5, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1840, the chapel was rededicated to the patronage of [[Saint Charles Borromeo]]. The cathedral is the oldest continuously operating parish and the oldest stone building in California. It is also the oldest (and smallest) serving cathedral along with [[St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans|St. Louis Cathedral]] in [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]. It is the only existing presidio chapel in California and the only surviving building from the original Monterey Presidio.<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web |url= http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=121&resourceType=Building|title= Royal Presidio Chapel |access-date= June 22, 2012 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121008221656/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=121&resourceType=Building |archive-date= October 8, 2012 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
[[File:The city of Monterey, California 1842 (NYPL Hades-118665-54791) (cropped).tif|thumb|right|Monterey served as the capital of [[Alta California]] from 1770 until 1849,<ref>[https://www.library.ca.gov/california-history/previous-ca-capitals/ California State Library - Previous Capitols — and Capitals — of California]</ref> hosting its only official port-of-entry and the [[Provincial deputation in Spanish America|provincial legislature]].]]
The city was originally the only port of entry for all taxable goods in California. All shipments into California by sea were required to go through the [[Old Customhouse (Monterey, California)|Custom House]], the oldest governmental building in the state and California's Historic Landmark Number One.<ref>{{cite web   |url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=954   |title=California State Parks: Custom House   |access-date=June 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406092045/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=954   |archive-date=April 6, 2012 |url-status=live   }}</ref> Built in three phases, the Spanish began construction of the Custom House in 1814, the Mexican government completed the center section in 1827, and the United States government finished the lower end in 1846.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.planetware.com/monterey/custom-house-us-ca-mnch.htm |title= Custom House, Monterey |access-date= June 22, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120320073614/http://www.planetware.com/monterey/custom-house-us-ca-mnch.htm |archive-date= March 20, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>

On November 24, 1818, [[Argentine]] [[Buccaneer|corsair]] [[Hippolyte Bouchard]] [[Argentine Invasion of Monterey|landed]]  {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from the [[Presidio of Monterey, California|Presidio of Monterey]] in a hidden [[Creek (tidal)|creek]]. The fort's resistance proved ineffective, and after an hour of combat the [[Flag of Argentina|Argentine flag]] flew over it.{{sfn|De Marco|2002|p=180}} The Argentines took the city for six days, during which they stole the cattle and burned the fort, the artillery headquarters, the governor's residence and the Spanish houses. The town's residents were unharmed.{{sfn|De Marco|2002|pp=180–181}}