Editing Mixed economy (section)

== Political philosophy ==
In the apolitical sense, the term mixed economy is used to describe economic systems that combine various elements of [[market economies]] and [[Planned economy|planned economies]]. As most political-economic [[ideologies]] are defined in an idealized sense, what is described rarely—if ever—exists in practice. Most would not consider it unreasonable to label an economy that, while not being a perfect representation, very closely resembles an ideal by applying the rubric that denominates that ideal. When a system in question, diverges to a significant extent from an idealized [[Model (macroeconomics)|economic model]] or ideology, the task of identifying it can become problematic, and the term mixed economy was coined. As it is unlikely that an economy will contain a perfectly even mix, mixed economies are usually noted as being skewed towards either [[private ownership]] or [[public ownership]], toward [[capitalism]] or [[socialism]], or a [[market economy]] or [[command economy]] in varying degrees.<ref name=vn>Vuong, Quan-Hoang. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/3639233832 ''Financial Markets in Vietnam's Transition Economy: Facts, Insights, Implications''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110054351/https://www.amazon.com/dp/3639233832 |date=10 January 2020 }}. {{ISBN|978-3-639-23383-4}}, [[VDM Verlag]], February 2010, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.</ref>

=== Catholic social teaching ===
Jesuit author [[David Hollenbach]] has argued that [[Catholic social teaching]] calls for a "new form" of mixed economy. He refers back to [[Pope Pius XI]]'s statement that government "should supply help to the members of the social body, but may never destroy or absorb them".<ref>Pius XI (15 May 1931). [https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19310515_quadragesimo-anno.html ''Quadragesimo Anno''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601175933/https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19310515_quadragesimo-anno.html |date=1 June 2020 }}. Paragraph 79. Retrieved 12 August 2018. The papal text refers to "every social activity", not only to government.</ref> Hollenbach writes that a socially just mixed economy involves labor, management, and the state working together through a [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralistic]] system that distributes [[economic power]] widely.<ref>{{cite book|pages=132–133|last=Hollenbach|first=David|chapter=Unemployment and Jobs: A Theological and Ethical Perspective|editor-last=Houck|editor-first=John|editor2-last=Williams|editor2-first=Oliver|title=Catholic social teaching and the United States economy: working papers for a bishops' pastoral|publisher=University Press of America|year=1984}}</ref> [[Pope Francis]] has criticised [[neoliberalism]] throughout his papacy and encouraged state welfare programs for "the [[redistribution of wealth]], looking out for the dignity of the poorest who risk always ending up crushed by the powerful".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2022-01/pope-francis-italy-tax-authority-agenzie-entrate.html|title=Pope: Taxation should favor wealth redistribution for public services|work=Vatican News|date=31 January 2022|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> In ''[[Evangelii gaudium]]'', he states: "Some people continue to defend [[Trickle-down economics|trickle-down theories]] which assume that economic growth, encouraged by a free market, will inevitably succeed in bringing about greater justice and inclusiveness in the world. This opinion, which has never been confirmed by the facts, expresses a crude and naïve trust in the goodness of those wielding economic power and in the sacralized workings of the prevailing economic system. Meanwhile, the excluded are still waiting."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2013/nov/27/pope-francis-inequality-biggest-issue-our-time|title=Pope Francis understands economics better than most politicians|work=The Guardian|date=27 November 2013|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref>

Catholic social teaching opposes both [[unregulated capitalism]] and [[state socialism]]. Subsequent scholars have noted that conceiving of [[subsidiarity]] as a "top-down, government-driven political exercise" requires a selective reading of 1960s encyclicals. A more comprehensive reading of Catholic social teaching suggests a conceptualization of subsidiarity as a "bottom-up concept" that is "rooted in recognition of a common humanity, not in the political equivalent of ''[[noblese oblige]]''".<ref>{{cite book |pages=454|author1=Denis O'Brien|chapter=Subsidiarity and Solidarity|editor-last=Booth|editor-first=Phillip|title=Catholic social teaching and the market economy|publisher=The Institute of Economic Affairs|year=2014}}</ref>

=== Fascism ===
Although [[fascism]] is primarily a political ideology that stresses the importance of cultural and social issues over economics, it is generally supportive of a broadly capitalistic mixed economy. It supports state interventionism into markets and private enterprise, alongside a [[fascist corporatist]] framework, referred to as a [[third position]] that ostensibly aims to be a middle-ground between socialism and capitalism by mediating labor and business disputes to promote national unity. 20th-century fascist regimes in Italy and Germany adopted large public works programs to stimulate their economies and state interventionism in largely [[private sector]]-dominated economies to promote re-armament and national interests. During [[World War II]], Germany implemented a war economy that combined a free market with central planning. The Nazi government collaborated with leading German business interests, who supported the war effort in exchange for advantageous contracts, subsidies, the suppression of trade unions, and the allowance of cartels and monopolies.<ref>Scherner, Jonas (2006). [https://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/scherner-060329.pdf "Industrial Investment in Nazi Germany: The Forgotten Wartime Boom"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127061551/https://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/scherner-060329.pdf |date=27 November 2021 }} Yale University. Retrieved 14 October 2022.</ref> Scholars have drawn parallels between the American [[New Deal]] and public works programs promoted by fascism, arguing that fascism similarly arose in response to the threat of socialist revolution and aimed to "save capitalism" and private property.<ref>Gupta, Dipankar (18 June 1977). "The Political Economy of Fascism". ''Economic and Political Weekly''. '''12''' (25): 987–992.</ref>

=== Socialism ===
Mixed economies understood as a mixture of socially owned and private enterprises have been predicted and advocated by various socialists as a necessary transitional form between capitalism and socialism. Additionally, several proposals for socialist systems call for a mixture of different forms of enterprise ownership including a role for private enterprise. For example, [[Alexander Nove]]'s conception of feasible socialism outlines an economic system based on a combination of state enterprises for large industries, worker and consumer cooperatives, private enterprises for small-scale operations, and individually-owned enterprises.<ref>Nove, Alexander. [http://www.whatnextjournal.co.uk/Pages/Ratner/Feassoc.html "Feasible Socialism: Market or Plan – Or Both"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925035751/http://www.whatnextjournal.co.uk/Pages/Ratner/Feassoc.html |date=25 September 2017 }} ''What Next Journal''. Retrieved 14 October 2022.</ref> The social democratic theorist [[Eduard Bernstein]] advocated a form of a mixed economy, believing that a mixed system of [[state-owned enterprise]]s, [[cooperative]]s, and [[private enterprise]]s would be necessary for a long period before capitalism would evolve of its own accord into socialism.<ref name="Steger, Manfred B. 1997. pg. 146">Steger, Manfred B.  ''The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein And Social Democracy''. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1997. pg. 146.</ref>

Following the [[Russian Civil War]], [[Vladimir Lenin]] adopted the [[New Economic Policy]] in the [[Soviet Union]]; the introduction of a mixed economy serving as a temporary expedient for rebuilding the nation. The policy eased the restrictions of [[war communism]] and allowed a return of markets, where private individuals could administer small and medium-sized enterprises, while the state would control large industries, banks and foreign trade.<ref>[https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/new-economic-policy-nep/#:~:text=Introduced%20by%20Vladimir%20Lenin%20in,of%20markets%20and%20petty%20trade "The New Economic Policy (NEP)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206162716/https://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/new-economic-policy-nep/#:~:text=Introduced%20by%20Vladimir%20Lenin%20in,of%20markets%20and%20petty%20trade |date=6 December 2022 }}. ''Alpha History''. Retrieved 2 March 2022.</ref> The [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]] describes its economy as a [[socialist-oriented market economy]] that consists of a mixture of public, private, and cooperative enterprise—a mixed economy that is oriented toward the long-term development of a socialist economy. The [[People's Republic of China]] adopted a [[socialist market economy]], which represents an early stage of socialist development according to the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP). The CCP takes the [[Marxist–Leninist]] position that an economic system containing diverse forms of ownership—but with the [[public sector]] playing a decisive role—is a necessary characteristic of an economy in the preliminary stage of developing socialism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/topic/bizchina/economicsystem/200406/20040600239133.shtml|title=Socialist Market Economic System |publisher=Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China |date=25 June 2004 |access-date=8 February 2018|quote= The development of the economic system with public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side is a basic characteristic of the socialist economic system at the preliminary stage. This is decided by the quality of socialism and the national situation in the preliminary stage: first, China, as a socialist country, should persist in public ownership as the base of the socialist economy; second, China, as in its preliminary stage, should develop diverse forms of ownership on condition that the public ownership plays a dominant role }}</ref>

In the early post-war era in Western Europe, social democratic parties rejected the [[Stalinist]] political and economic model then current in the Soviet Union, committing themselves either to an alternative path to socialism or to a compromise between capitalism and socialism.{{sfn|Adams|1993|pp=102-103|ps=: "The emergence of social democracy was partly a result of the Cold War. People argued that if the Stalinist Soviet empire, where the state-controlled everything, showed socialism in action, then socialism was not worth having. ... The consensus policies of a mixed and managed economy and the welfare state, developed by the post-war Labour government, seemed in themselves to provide a basis for viable socialism that would combine prosperity and freedom with social justice and the possibility of a full life for everyone. They could be seen as a compromise between socialism and capitalism."}} In this period, social democrats embraced a mixed economy based on the predominance of private property and a minority of essential utilities and public services under public ownership. As a result, social democracy became associated with [[Keynesian economics]], [[state interventionism]], and the [[welfare state]]. Social democratic governments in practice largely maintain the capitalist mode of production ([[factor market]]s, [[private property]], and [[wage labor]]) under a mixed economy,<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=827}}: "In the second, mainly post-war, phase, social democrats came to believe that their ideals and values could be achieved by reforming capitalism rather than abolishing it. They favored a mixed economy in which most industries would be privately owned, with only a small number of utilities and other essential services in public ownership."</ref>{{sfn|Jones|2001|p=1410|ps=: "In addition, particularly since World War II, distinctions have sometimes been made between social democrats and socialists on the basis that the former have accepted the permanence of the mixed economy and have abandoned the idea of replacing the capitalist system with a qualitatively different socialist society."}}{{sfn|Heywood|2012|pp=125–128|ps=: "As an ideological stance, social democracy took shape around the mid-twentieth century, resulting from the tendency among western socialist parties not only to adopt parliamentary strategies but also to revise their socialist goals. In particular, they abandoned the goal of abolishing capitalism and sought instead to reform or 'humanize' it. Social democracy, therefore, came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other."}} and pledge to reform capitalism and make society more egalitarian and democratic.{{sfn|Weisskopf|1992|p=10|ps=: "Thus social democrats do not try to do away with either the market or private property ownership; instead, they attempt to create conditions in which the operation of a capitalist market economy will lead to more egalitarian outcomes and encourage more democratic and more solidaristic practices than would a more conventional capitalist system."}}