Editing Misogyny (section)

== Historical usage ==
=== Classical Greece ===
[[File:Chrysippos BM 1846.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Roman copy of a Hellenistic bust of Chrysippus ([[British Museum]])]]

In his book ''City of Sokrates: An Introduction to Classical Athens'', J.W. Roberts argues that older than tragedy and comedy was a misogynistic tradition in Greek literature, reaching back at least as far as [[Hesiod]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=City of Sokrates: An Introduction to Classical Athens |isbn=978-0-203-19479-9 |last1=Roberts |first1=J.W |date=1 June 2002 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> He claims that the term ''misogyny'' itself comes directly into English from the Ancient Greek word ''misogunia'' ({{lang|grc|μισογυνία}}), which survives in several passages.

The earlier, longer, and more complete passage comes from a moral tract known as ''On Marriage'' (''c''. 150 BC) by the [[Stoicism|stoic]] philosopher [[Antipater of Tarsus]].<ref>The ''[[editio princeps]]'' is on page 255 of volume three of ''[[Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta]]'' (''SVF'', Old Stoic Fragments), see [[#External links|External links]].</ref><ref name="Deming">{{cite book |last1=Deming |first1=Will |title=Paul on Marriage and Celibacy: The Hellenistic Background of 1 Corinthians 7 |date=2004 |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing |location=Grand Rapids, Mich. |isbn=978-0-8028-3989-3 |pages=221–226 |language=en |chapter=Appendix A}}</ref> pp. 221–226.

''Misogunia'' appears in the [[accusative case]] on page 224 of Deming, as the fifth word in line 33 of his Greek text.
It is split over lines 25–26 in von Arnim.</ref> Antipater argues that marriage is the foundation of the state, and considers it to be based on divine ([[Polytheism|polytheistic]]) decree. He uses ''misogunia'' to describe the sort of writing the tragedian [[Euripides]] eschews, stating that he "reject[s] the hatred of women in his writing" (ἀποθέμενος τὴν ἐν τῷ γράφειν μισογυνίαν).  He then offers an example of this, quoting from a lost play of Euripides in which the merits of a dutiful wife are praised.<ref name="Deming" /><ref>38-43, fr. 63, in von Arnim, J. (ed.). ''Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta.'' Vol. 3. Leipzig: Teubner, 1903.</ref>

According to [[Tieleman]] other surviving use of the Ancient Greek word is by [[Chrysippus]], in a fragment from ''On affections'', quoted by [[Galen]] in ''[[Hippocrates]] on Affections''.<ref>''SVF'' 3:103. ''Misogyny'' is the first word on the page.</ref> Here, ''misogyny'' is the first in a short list of three "disaffections"—women (''misogunia''), wine (''misoinia'', μισοινία) and humanity (''misanthrōpia'', μισανθρωπία). Chrysippus' point is more abstract than Antipater's, and Galen quotes the passage as an example of an opinion contrary to his own. What is clear, however, is that he groups hatred of women with hatred of humanity generally, and even hatred of wine. "It was the prevailing medical opinion of his day that wine strengthens body and soul alike."<ref name=Tieleman>{{cite book |last1=Tieleman |first1=Teun |title=Chrysippus' On Affections: Reconstruction and Interpretations |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-12998-6 |page=162 |language=en}}</ref> So Chrysippus, like his fellow stoic Antipater, views misogyny negatively, as a [[disease]]; a dislike of something that is good. It is this issue of conflicted or alternating emotions that was philosophically contentious to the ancient writers. Ricardo Salles suggests that the general stoic view was that "[a] man may not only alternate between philogyny and misogyny, philanthropy and misanthropy, but be prompted to each by the other."<ref>Ricardo Salles, ''Metaphysics, Soul, and Ethics in Ancient Thought: Themes from the Work of Richard Sorabji'', (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005), 485.</ref>

In the ''Routledge philosophy guidebook to Plato and the Republic'', Nickolas Pappas describes the "problem of misogyny" and states:

{{blockquote|In the ''Apology'', Socrates calls those who plead for their lives in court "no better than women" (35b)... The ''Timaeus'' warns men that if they live immorally they will be reincarnated as women (42b-c; cf. 75d-e). The ''Republic'' contains a number of comments in the same spirit (387e, 395d-e, 398e, 431b-c, 469d), evidence of nothing so much as of contempt toward women. Even Socrates' words for his bold new proposal about marriage... suggest that the women are to be "held in common" by men. He never says that the men might be held in common by the women... We also have to acknowledge Socrates' insistence that men surpass women at any task that both sexes attempt (455c, 456a), and his remark in Book 8 that one sign of democracy's moral failure is the sexual equality it promotes (563b).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Routledge philosophy guidebook to Plato and the Republic |isbn=978-0-415-29996-1 |last1=Pappas |first1=Nickolas |date=2003-09-09 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref>}}

''Misogynist'' is also found in the Greek—''misogunēs'' ({{lang|grc|μισογύνης}})—in ''Deipnosophistae'' (above) and in [[Plutarch]]'s ''Parallel Lives'', where it is used as the title of [[Heracles]] in the history of [[Phocion]]. It was the title of a play by [[Menander]], which we know of from book seven (concerning [[Alexandria]]) of [[Strabo]]'s 17 volume ''[[Geographica|Geography]]'',<ref name="Liddell">[[Henry George Liddell]] and [[Robert Scott (philologist)|Robert Scott]], ''[[A Greek–English Lexicon]]'' (''LSJ''), revised and augmented by Henry Stuart Jones and Roderick McKenzie, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940). {{ISBN|978-0-19-864226-8}}</ref><ref>[[Strabo]],''[[Geographica (Strabo)|Geography]]'', Book 7 [Alexandria] Chapter 3.</ref> and quotations of Menander by [[Clement of Alexandria]] and [[Stobaeus]] that relate to marriage.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Menander |translator-first=Maurice |translator-last=Balme |title=The Plays and Fragments |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-283983-1 |language=en}}</ref>  A Greek play with a similar name, ''Misogunos'' (Μισόγυνος) or ''Woman-hater'', is reported by [[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]] (in Latin) and attributed to the poet [[Atilia gens#Members of the gens|Marcus Atilius]].<ref>He is supported (or followed) by [[Theognostus the Grammarian]]'s 9th century ''Canones'', edited by [[John Antony Cramer]], ''Anecdota Graeca e codd. manuscriptis bibliothecarum Oxoniensium'', vol. 2, ([[Oxford University Press]], 1835), p. 88.</ref>

[[File:CiceroBust.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|left|[[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]]]]
Cicero reports that Greek philosophers considered misogyny to be caused by [[gynophobia]], a fear of women.<ref name="Cicero">[[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]], ''[[Tusculanae Quaestiones]]'', Book 4, Chapter 11.</ref>

{{blockquote|It is the same with other diseases; as the desire of glory, a passion for women, to which the Greeks give the name of ''philogyneia'': and thus all other diseases and sicknesses are generated. But those feelings which are the contrary of these are supposed to have fear for their foundation, as a hatred of women, such as is displayed in the ''Woman-hater'' of Atilius; or the hatred of the whole human species, as Timon is reported to have done, whom they call the Misanthrope. Of the same kind is inhospitality. And all these diseases proceed from a certain dread of such things as they hate and avoid.<ref name="Cicero" />|Cicero|''[[Tusculanae Quaestiones]]'', 1st century BC.}}

In summary, despite considering women as generally inferior to men, Greek literature considered misogyny to be a [[disease]]—an [[anti-social behaviour|anti-social]] condition—in that it ran contrary to their perceptions of the value of women as wives and of the family as the foundation of society. These points are widely noted in the secondary literature.<ref name="Deming" />

=== English language ===
[[File:Julia Gillard 2010.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Julia Gillard]]]]

According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the word entered English because of an anonymous [[proto-feminist]] play, ''[[Swetnam the Woman-Hater]]'', published in 1620 in England.<ref>{{cite encyclopaedia |title=misogynist |encyclopaedia=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/119828?redirectedFrom=misogynist |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513031043/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/misogynist_n |url-status=live}}</ref> The play is a criticism of anti-woman writer [[Joseph Swetnam]], who it represents with the pseudonym Misogynos. The character of Misogynos is the origin of the term misogynist in English.<ref name="Aron2019">{{cite news |last=Aron |first=Nina Renata |date=8 March 2019 |title=What Does Misogyny Look Like? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/style/misogyny-women-history-photographs.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807231120/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/style/misogyny-women-history-photographs.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The term was fairly rare until the mid-1970s. The publication of [[feminist]] [[Andrea Dworkin]]'s 1974 critique ''[[Woman Hating]]'' popularised the idea. The term misogyny entered the lexicon of [[second-wave feminism]]. Dworkin and her contemporaries used the term to include not only a hatred or contempt of women, but the practice of controlling women with violence and punishing women who reject subordination.<ref name="Aron2019" />

Misogyny was discussed worldwide in 2012 because of a [[viral video]] of a speech by Australian Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]]. Her parliamentary address is known as the [[Misogyny Speech]]. In the speech, Gillard powerfully criticised her opponents for holding her policies to a [[double standard|different standard]] than those of male politicians, and for speaking about her in crudely sexual terms.<ref name="Lester 2012">{{cite magazine |last=Lester |first=Amelia |date=9 October 2012 |title=Ladylike: Julia Gillard's Misogyny Speech |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/ladylike-julia-gillards-misogyny-speech |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615060308/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/ladylike-julia-gillards-misogyny-speech |url-status=live}}</ref> She was criticised for systemic misogyny, because earlier in the day her Labour Party had passed legislation cutting $728 million in welfare benefits to single mothers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Passant |first=John |title=How the poor are shunted into deeper poverty just for political capital |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=4 January 2013 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/how-the-poor-are-shunted-into-deeper-poverty-just-for-political-capital-20130103-2c74b.html |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164132/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/how-the-poor-are-shunted-into-deeper-poverty-just-for-political-capital-20130103-2c74b.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gillard's usage of the word "misogyny" promoted re-evaluations of the word's published definitions. The ''[[Macquarie Dictionary]]'' revised its definition in 2012 to better match the way the word has been used over the prior 30 years.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |agency=Reuters |date=17 October 2012 |title=Dictionary changes 'misogyny' definition after Australian PM's furious attack on conservative leader |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/dictionary-changes-definition-of-misogyny-after-australian-pms-furious-attack-on-conservative-leader |work=[[National Post]] |access-date=17 August 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513031038/https://nationalpost.com/news/dictionary-changes-definition-of-misogyny-after-australian-pms-furious-attack-on-conservative-leader |url-status=live}}</ref> The book ''[[Down Girl]]'', which reconsidered the definition using the tools of [[analytic philosophy]], was inspired in part by Gillard.<ref name="Manne2019" />{{rp|83}}