Editing Mind–body dualism (section)

===Emergent dualism===

Emergent dualism is a type of substance dualism that has been defended by [[William Hasker]] and [[Dean Zimmerman (philosopher)|Dean Zimmerman]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Baker, Lynne Rudder|year=2002|title=Reviewed Work: The Emergent Self William Hasker|journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research|volume=65|issue=3|pages=734–736|jstor=3071148}}</ref><ref name="Dilley 2003">{{cite journal|author=Dilley, Frank B.|year=2003|title=A Critique of Emergent Dualism|journal=Faith and Philosophy: Journal of the Society of Christian Philosophers|url=https://place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1914&context=faithandphilosophy|volume=20|issue=1|pages=37–49|doi=10.5840/faithphil200320114}}</ref><ref>Hasker, William. (2018). ''The Case for Emergent Dualism''. In Jonathan J. Loose, Angus J. L. Menuge, J. P. Moreland. ''The Blackwell Companion to Substance Dualism''. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 61–72. {{ISBN|978-1119375265}}</ref><ref name="Spackman 2013">{{cite journal|author=Spackman, John|year=2013|title=Consciousness and the Prospects for Substance Dualism|journal=Philosophy Compass|url=https://www.newdualism.org/papers/J.Spackman/Spackman-PhilComp2013.pdf|volume=8|issue=11|pages=1054–106|doi=10.1111/phc3.12009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411145024/https://www.newdualism.org/papers/J.Spackman/Spackman-PhilComp2013.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2024 }}</ref> Emergent dualism asserts that mental substances come into existence when physical systems such as the brain reach a sufficient level of complexity.<ref name="Spackman 2013"/> Hasker defines emergent dualism as:

{{blockquote|Human persons are not identical to any physical body, but consist of a physical body and a non-physical substantial soul, and (b) the human soul is naturally
emergent from and dependent on the structure and function of a living human brain and nervous system.<ref>Rickabaugh, Brandon L. [https://philarchive.org/archive/RICAED-2 ''Against Emergent Dualism'']. In Jonathan J. Loose, Angus J. L. Menuge, J. P. Moreland. (2018). ''The Blackwell Companion to Substance Dualism''. Wiley-Blackwell. {{ISBN|978-1119375265}}</ref>}}

Hasker has argued that emergent dualism is consistent with neuroscientific discoveries showing the dependence of mind on brain.<ref name="Dilley 2003"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Gasparov, Ignor|year=2013|title=Substance Dualism and the Unity of Consciousness|journal=Forum Philosophicum|url=https://forumphilosophicum.ignatianum.edu.pl/docannexe/file/5420/7_gasparov.pdf|volume=18|issue=1|pages=109–123|doi=10.35765/forphil.2013.1801.07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615133655/https://forumphilosophicum.ignatianum.edu.pl/docannexe/file/5420/7_gasparov.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2023 }}</ref> He likens the individual mind to a magnetic field in its qualitative difference from the physical properties that generate it and also in its ability to act on the brain that generates it.<ref name="Dilley 2003"/> Consciousness is said to arise when the brain reaches a certain threshold level of organizational complexity and when properly organized gives rise to the soul.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hershenov, David B; Taylor, Adam P.|year=2014|title=Split brains: no headache for the soul theorist|journal=Religious Studies|url=|volume=50|issue=4|pages=487–503|doi=10.1017/S0034412514000109 |jstor=43670546}}</ref>