Editing Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin (section)

===Literary career===
[[File:House museum of Saltykov-Shchedrin.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Saltykov's house in Vyatka (now a museum in Kirov)]]
In 1847 Saltykov debuted with his first novella ''Contradictions'' (under the pseudonym M.Nepanov), the title referring to the piece's main motif: the contrast between one's noble ideals and the horrors of real life. It was followed by ''A Complicated Affair'' (1848), a [[social novel]]la, reminiscent of [[Gogol]], both in its plotlines and the natures of its characters, dealing with social injustice and the inability of an individual to cope with social issues. The novella was praised by [[Nikolai Dobrolyubov]] who wrote: "It is full of heartfelt sympathy for destitute men... awakening in one humane feelings and manly thoughts," and [[Nikolai Chernyshevsky]], who referred to it as a book "that has created a stir and is of much interest to people of the new generation." It was the publication of ''Contradictions'' that caused Saltykov's banishment to [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Vyatka]], - apparently the result of overreaction from the authorities in response to the [[French Revolution of 1848]]. On 26 April 1848, Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] signed the order for the author's arrest and deportation.<ref name="gorychkina"/>

In his first few months of exile Saltykov was mainly occupied with copying official documents. Then he was made a special envoy of the Vyatka governor; his major duty in this capacity was making inquiries concerning brawls, cases of minor bribery, embezzlement and police misdoings. Saltykov made desperate attempts to break free from what he called his 'Vyatka captivity', but after each of his requests he received the standard reply: "would be premature." He became more and more aware of the possibility that he'd have to spend the rest of his life there.<ref name="dic_1990"/> "The very thought of that is so repellent that it makes by hair bristle," he complained in a letter to his brother.<ref>The Works of M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin in 20 Volumes. Moscow, 1975. Vol. 1. P.111</ref> It helped that the local elite treated Saltykov with great warmth and sympathy; he was made a welcome guest in many respectable houses, including that of vice-governor Boltin whose daughter Elizaveta Apollonovna later became Saltykov's wife.<ref name="kriv"/>

While in Vyatka Saltykov got carried away by the idea of radically improving the quality of education for young women and girls. There were no decent history textbooks at the time in Russia, so he decided to write one himself. Called ''A Brief History of Russia'', it amounted to 40 handwritten pages of compact text compiled from numerous sources. He worked on it while on vacation in a village near Tver, sending it to Vyatka to be published as a series.<ref name="kriv"/>

As the numerous members of the Petrashevsky Circle were arrested in 1848, Saltykov got summoned to the capital to give evidence on his involvement in the group's activity. There he managed to convince the authorities that 'spreading harm' was not his intention and safely returned to Vyatka. In the summer of 1850 he became a councillor of the local government which implied long voyages through the province on official business, many of them having to do with issues concerning the [[Old Believers]]. As an investigator, he traveled throughout the Vyatka, [[Perm Krai|Perm]], [[Kazan]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]] and [[Yaroslavl]] governorates. In 1850 he became the organizer of the Vyatka agricultural exhibition, one of the largest in the country. All this provided Saltykov with priceless material for his future satires.<ref name="dic_1990"/>

====''Provincial Sketches''====
[[File:Saltykov in 1850s.jpg|thumb|Saltykov-Shchedrin in 1850s]]
In 1855 Tzar [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] died and the climate in the country instantly changed. In November 1855 Saltykov received the permission to leave Vyatka, the new governor Lanskoy rumoured to be the major assisting force behind this.<ref name="kriv"/> In January 1856 the writer returned to Saint Petersburg and in February was assigned to the Interior Ministry. By this time many of the stories and essays that would be known as ''Provincial Sketches'' have been written, a series of narratives about the fictitious town of Krutogorsk, shown as a symbol of Russian serfdom. [[Ivan Turgenev]] who happened to read them first was unimpressed and, following his advice (and bearing in mind still fierce censorship) [[Nikolai Nekrasov]] refused to publish the work in ''Sovremennik''. In August 1856 [[Mikhail Katkov]]’s ''[[The Russian Messenger]]'' started publishing ''Provincial Sketches'', signed N.Shchedrin. The book, charged with anti-serfdom pathos and full of scathing criticism of provincial bureaucracy became instant success and made Saltykov famous. Many critics and colleagues called him the heir to [[Nikolai Gogol]]. "I’m in awe... Oh immortal Gogol, you must now be a happy man now to see such a genius emerging as your follower," [[Taras Shevchenko]] wrote in his diary.<ref>Shevchenko, T.G. The Selected Works in 5 Volumes. Moscow, 1956. Vol.5 P. 120</ref> In 1857 ''Sovremennik'' at last reacted: both Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky rather belatedly praised Saltykov, characteristically, imparting to his work what it's never had: "aiming at the undermining the Empire's foundations."<ref name="dic_1990"/>

In 1857 ''The Russian Messenger'' published ''Pazukhin's Death'', a play which was quite in tune with ''Provincial Sketches''. The production of it was banned with characteristic verdict of censors: "Characters presented there are set to prove our society lies in the state of total moral devastation." Another of Saltykov's plays, ''Shadows'' (1862–1865), about careerism and immorality of bureaucracy, has been discovered in archives and published only in 1914, when it was premiered on stage too.<ref>{{cite web | author = Livshits, Lev| url = http://www.levlivshits.org/index.php/works/vopreki-vremeni/teni/55-teni-vvedenie.html|title = Shadows. Foreword| publisher = www.levlivshits.org| access-date = 2012-03-01}}</ref>

Contrary to left radicals' attempt to draw Saltykov closer to their camp, "undermining the Empire's foundations" was not his aim at all and on his return to Saint Petersburg he was soon promoted to administrative posts of considerable importance. His belief was that "all honest men should help the government in defeating serfdom apologist still clinging to their rights." Huge literary success has never made him think of retiring from work in the government. Partly reasons for his return to the state service were practical. In 1856 Saltykov married Elizaveta Boltina, daughter of a Vyatka vice-governor and found, on the one hand, his mother's financial support curtailed, on the other, his own needs rose sharply. Up until 1858 Saltykov continued working in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Then after making a report on the condition of the Russian [[police]], he was appointed deputy governor of [[Ryazan]] where later he received the nickname "the vice-[[Maximilien Robespierre|Robespierre]]".<ref name="gorychkina"/> On April 15, 1858,  Saltykov arrived to Ryazan very informally, in an ordinary road carriage, which amazed the local 'society' for whom he'd been known already as ''Provincial Sketches''{{'}} author. He settled in a small house, often visited people and received guests. Saltykov's primary goal was to teach local minor officials elementary grammar and he spent many late evenings proof-reading and re-writing their incongruous reports.<ref name="kriv"/> In 1862 Saltykov was transferred to Tver where he often performed governor's functions. Here Saltykov proved to be a zealous promoter of the [[Emancipation reform of 1861|1861 reforms]]. He personally sued several landowners accusing them of cruel treatment of peasants.<ref name="kriv"/>

All the while his literary activities continued. In 1860-1862 he wrote and published (mostly, in ''Vremya'' magazine) numerous sketches and short stories, some later included into ''Innocent Stories'' (1857–1863) which demonstrated what [[Maxim Gorky]] later called a "talent for talking politics through domesticities" and ''Satires In Prose'' (1859–1862) where for the first time the author seemed to be quite vexed with the apathy of the oppressed.<ref name="gorychkina"/> "One is hardly to be expected to engage oneself in self-development when one's only thought revolves around just one wish: not to die of hunger," he later explained.<ref>{{cite web| author = Saltykov-Shchedrin, М.Е. | url = http://az.lib.ru/s/saltykow_m_e/text_0017.shtml|title = Satires in Prose| publisher = az.lib.ru| access-date = 2012-03-01}}</ref> Many of Saltykov's articles on agrarian reforms were also written in those three years, mostly in ''Moskovskye Vedomosty'', where his major opponent was journalist Vladimir Rzhevsky.<ref name="kriv"/>

====''Sovremennik''====
[[File:Saltykov 1870.jpg|thumb|200px|Mikhail Saltykov c. 1870]]
In 1862 Saltykov retired from the government service and came to Moscow with the view of founding his own magazine there. The Ministry of Education's Special committee under the chairmanship of Prince D.A.Obolensky gave him no such permission.<ref name="kriv"/> In the early 1863 Saltykov moved to Saint Petersburg to join Nekrasov's ''Sovremennik'', greatly undermined by the death of Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky's arrest. In this magazine he published first sketches of the ''Pompadours'' cycle and got involved with ''Svistok'' (The Whistle), a satirical supplement, using pseudonyms N.Shchedrin, K.Turin and Mikhail Zmiev-Mladentsev.<ref name="kriv"/>

The series of articles entitled ''Our Social Life'' (1863–1864), examining “new tendencies in Russian [[nihilism]],” caused a raw with equally radical ''[[Russkoye Slovo]]''. First Saltykov ridiculed [[Dmitry Pisarev]]'s unexpected call for Russian [[intelligentsia]] to pay more attention to natural sciences. Then in 1864 Pisarev responded by "Flowers of Innocent Humor" article published by ''Russkoye Slovo'' implying that Saltykov was cultivating "laughter for good digestion's sake". The latter's reply contained accusations in isolationism and [[elitism]]. All this (along with heated discussion of Chernyshevsky's novel ''[[What Is to Be Done? (novel)|What Is to Be Done?]]'') was termed "[[raskol]] in Russian nihilism" by [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]].<ref name="raskol_nih">{{cite web | author = Dostoyevsky, F.М.| year = 1864| url = http://az.lib.ru/d/dostoewskij_f_m/text_0660.shtml|title = Mister Shchedrin or a Nihilism Schism (Gospodin Shchedrin ili raskol v nigilistakh)| publisher = Epoch magazine /az.lib.ru| access-date = 2012-03-01}}</ref>

On the other front, Saltykov waged a war against the Dostoyevsky brothers’ ''Grazhdanin'' magazine. When Fyodor Dostoyevsky came out with the suggestion that with Dobrolyubov's death and Chernyshevsky's imprisonment the radical movement in Russia became lifeless and dogmatic, Saltykov labeled him and his fellow [[pochvennik]]s 'reactionaries'. Finally, the rift between him and [[Maxim Antonovich]] (supported by [[Grigory Eliseev]]) made Saltykov-Schedrin quit the journal.<ref name="dic_1990"/> Only a small part of stories and sketches that Saltykov wrote at the time has made its way into his later books (''Innocent Stories'', ''Sign of the Time'', ''Pompadours'').

Being dependent on his ''Sovremennik''{{'}}s meagre salaries, Saltykov was looking for work on the side and quarreled with Nekrasov a lot, promising to quit literature. According to [[Avdotya Panayeva]]'s memoirs, "those were the times when his moods darkened, and I noticed a new habit of his developing - this jerky movement of neck, as if he was trying to free himself from some unseen tie, the habit which stayed with him for the rest of his life."<ref name="kriv"/> Finally, pecuniary difficulties compelled Saltykov to re-enter the governmental service and in November 1864 he was appointed the head of the [[treasury]] department in [[Penza]]. Two years later he moved to take the same post in Tula, then Ryazan. Supported by his lyceum friend Mikhail Reitern, now the Minister of Finance, Saltykov adopted rather aggressive finance revision policies, making many enemies in the administrative circles of Tula, Ryazan and Penza. According to [[Alexander Skabichevsky]] (who had conversations with provincial officials working under Saltykov's supervision) "he was a rare kind of boss. Even though his frightful barking was making people wince, nobody feared him and everybody loved him - mostly for his caring for his subordinates' needs and also the tendency to overlook people's minor weaknesses and faults when those were not interfering with work."<ref name="kriv"/>

Finally the governor of Ryazan made an informal complaint which was accounted for by [[Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov|Count Shuvalov]], the Chief of Staff of the [[Special Corps of Gendarmes]], who issued a note stating that Saltykov, as a senior state official "promoted ideas contradicting the needs of maintaining law and order" and was "always in conflict with people of local governments, criticizing and even sabotaging their orders."<ref name="dic_1990"/> On July 14, 1868, Saltykov retired: thus the career of "one of the strangest officials in Russian history" ended. Years later, speaking to the historian M.Semevsky, Saltykov confessed he was trying to erase from memory years spent as a government official. But when his vis-a-vis argued that "only his thorough knowledge of every possible stage of the Russian bureaucratic hierarchy made him what he was," the writer had to agree.<ref>М.Е.Saltykov-Shchedrin Remembered by Contemporaries. Vol.1 P. 184</ref>

====''Otechestvennye Zapiski''====
[[File:Nikolay Ge 007.jpg|thumb|180px|Mikhail Saltykov's portrait by [[Nikolai Ge]], 1872.]]
On July 1, 1866, ''Sovremennik'' was closed. In the autumn Nekrasov approached the publisher [[Andrey Krayevsky]] and 'rented' ''[[Otechestvennye Zapiski]]''. In September 1868 Saltykov joined the re-vamped team of the magazine as a head of the journalistic department. As in December 1874 Saltykov's health problems (triggered by severe cold he's caught at his mother's funeral) made him travel abroad for treatment, Nekrasov confessed in his April 1875 letter to [[Pavel Annenkov]]: "This journalism thing has always been tough for us and now it lies in tatters. Saltykov carried it all manly and bravely and we all tried our best to follow suit."<ref name="dic_1990"/> "This was the only magazine that had its own face… Most talented people were coming to ''Otechestvennye Zapiski'' as if it were their home. They trusted my taste and my common sense never to begrudge my editorial cuts. In "OZ" there were published weak things, but stupid things - never," he wrote in a letter to [[Pavel Annenkov]] on May 28, 1884.<ref name="gorychkina"/> In 1869 Saltykov's ''Signs of the Times'' and ''Letters About the Province'' came out, their general idea being that the reforms have failed and Russia remained the same country of absolute monarchy where peasant had no rights. "The bars have fallen but Russia's heart gave not a single twitch. Serfdom has been abolished, but landlords rejoiced," he wrote.<ref name="gorychkina"/>

In 1870 ''[[The History of a Town]]'' (История одного города) came out, a grotesque, politically risky novel relating the tragicomic history of the fictitious Foolsville, a vague caricature upon the Russian Empire, with its sequence of monstrous rulers, tormenting their hapless vassals. The book was a satire on the whole institution of Russian statehood and the way of life itself, plagued by routine mismanagement, needless oppression, pointless tyranny and sufferers’ apathy.<ref name="gale">{{cite web | url = http://www.answers.com/topic/mikhail-saltykov-shchedrin|title = Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin| publisher = Gale Encyclopedia of Russian History| access-date = 2012-03-01}}</ref> The novel ended with the deadly "it" sweeping the whole thing away, "making the history stop" which was construed by many as a call for radical political change.<ref name="dic_1990"/> A series called ''Pompadours and Pompadouresses'' (published in English as ''The Pompadours'', Помпадуры и помпадурши, 1863–1874) looked like a satellite to the ''History of a Town'', a set of real life illustrations to the fantastic chronicles.<ref>{{cite web | author =Saltykov-Shchedrin, M.E. | year = 1985| url = http://az.lib.ru/s/saltykow_m_e/text_0020.shtml|title = Pompadury i pompadurshi| publisher = Pravda Publishers| access-date = 2012-03-01}}</ref> ''The History of a Town'' caused much controversy. [[Alexey Suvorin]] accused the author of deliberately distorting Russian history and insulting the Russian people. "By showing how people live under the yoke of madness I was hoping to invoke in a reader not mirth but most bitter feelings... It is not the history of the state as a whole that I make fun of, but a certain state of things," Saltykov explained.<ref name="gorychkina"/>

In 1873 came out ''The Tashkenters Clique'' (Господа Ташкентцы ;''[[Tashkent]]’ers'' was a generic term invented by Shchedrin for administrators sent to tame riots in the remote regions of the Russian Empire), a snipe at right-wingers who advocated cruel suppression of peasants' riots, and an experiment in the new form of social novel. 1877 saw the publication of ''In the Spheres of Temperance and Accuracy'', a set of satirical sketches, featuring characters from the classical Russian literature (books by [[Fonvizin]], [[Alexander Griboyedov|Griboyedov]], Gogol and others) in the contemporary political context.<ref name="dic_1990"/>