Editing Miguel López de Legazpi (section)

==Expedition to the Philippines==
[[File:Itinerario legazpi.jpg|thumb|right|A route of the Spanish expeditions in the Philippines.]]

In 1564, López de Legazpi was commissioned by the viceroy, [[Luís de Velasco]], to lead an expedition in the Pacific Ocean, to find the [[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands]] where the earlier explorers [[Ferdinand Magellan]] and [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively. The expedition was ordered by King [[Philip II of Spain]]. The viceroy died in July 1564, but the [[Audiencia Real|Audiencia]] and López de Legazpi completed the preparations for the expedition.

On 19 or 20 November 1564, five ships, carrying 500 soldiers, over half of whom were Mexicans (Criollos, Mestizos and Indios)<ref>Schurz, Manila Galleon, 22; Carlos Quirino, "Mexican Connection," 933–934.</ref> and the remaining, Spaniards, sailed from the port of [[Barra de Navidad]], New Spain, in what is now [[Jalisco]] state, Mexico (other sources give the date as 1 November 1564, and mention 'four ships and 379 men') the flagship [[Carrack|nao]] ''San Pabló'', the [[Flagship|almiranta]] ''San Pedro'', and the [[pinnace (ship's boat)|pinnace]]s ''San Juan'' and ''San Lucas''.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Philippine Studies|volume=13|issue=2|year=1965|title=Legazpi 1564–1572|jstor=42720592|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42720592|last1=Cushner |first1=Nicholas P. |pages=163–206 }}</ref> Members of the expedition included six Augustinian missionaries, in addition to Fr. [[Andrés de Urdaneta]], who served as navigator and spiritual adviser,<ref>
[http://www.bohol-philippines.com/blood-compact.html "Blood Compact"], Bohol Philippines History website
</ref> Melchor de Legazpi (Miguel López de Legazpi's son), Felipe de Salcedo (one of Miguel López de Legazpi's grandsons), and Guido de Lavezarez (a survivor of [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s expedition).

López de Legazpi and his men sailed the Pacific Ocean for 93 days. In 1565, they landed in the [[Mariana Islands]], where they briefly anchored and replenished their supplies. There they fought with [[Chamorros|Chamorro]] tribes and burned several huts.

===Arrival in the Philippines===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:The Sandugo Shrine.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of López de Legazpi with Datu Sikatuna in Tagbilaran, Bohol, marks the location where the [[Blood compact]] alliance took place.]] -->

A chief of [[Bohol|Bohol island]] named Sikatuna gave information to Miguel López about Cebu and accompanied López as a guide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/15022/146.html?mode=print|title=The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 – Volume 12 of 55 eBook|website=www.bookrags.com}}</ref> López de Legazpi's expedition anchored off the Indianized [[Rajahnate of Cebu]] on 13 February 1565, but did not put ashore due to opposition from natives.<ref name=halili2004>{{cite book|author=M.C. Halili|title=Philippine History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC|year=2004|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=978-971-23-3934-9}}</ref>{{rp|1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA77 77]}}

On 22 February 1565, the expedition reached the island of [[Samar]] and made a [[blood compact]] with its chief, Datu Urrao. The [[Spaniards]] then proceeded to [[Limasawa]] and were received by Datu Bankaw, then to [[Bohol]], where they befriended [[Datu Sikatuna]] (or Catunao<ref name=ibiblio>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/5/0/2/15022/15022.txt|title=The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898: Vol. XII, 1601–1604, by Edited by Blair and Robertson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Philippine eLib Portal|url = http://www.elib.gov.ph/details.php?uid=0623146ef95ec775bd4014ec0fb08f0c|publisher = www.elib.gov.ph|date = 16 June 2008|access-date = 6 December 2015}}</ref>) and Rajah Sigala. On 16 March 1565, López de Legazpi made a [[blood compact]] with Datu Sikatuna.<ref name=halili2004 />{{rp|1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA77 77]}}{{efn|name=titles|''[[Datu]]'', ''[[Lakan]]'', and ''[[Rajah]]'' were administrative titles used at the time by local hereditary rulers.}}

On 27 April 1565, the expedition returned to Cebu and landed there. [[Rajah Tupas]] challenged the Spaniards, but was overpowered. The Spaniards established a colony, naming the settlements "Villa del Santisimo Nombre de Jesús" (Town of the Most Holy Name of Jesus) after an image of [[Sto. Niño]] in one of the native houses.<ref name=halili2004 />{{rp|1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA77 77]}}{{efn|name=titles}}

In 1568, the Portuguese attempted a [[blockade of Cebu]] to expel the Spaniards. The Spanish colony proved to be resistant to the blockade and the Portuguese fleet withdrew as it suffered from an outbreak of [[typhoid fever]].<ref>{{citation|last=Pisano|first=Nicholas|title=The Spanish Pacification of the Philippines|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a255554.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805023714/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a255554.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=August 5, 2020|date= 5 June 1992|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center|page= 285}}</ref>

=== Panay and Mindoro ===
In 1569, due to a scarcity of food provisions in Cebu, López de Legazpi transferred to [[Panay, Capiz|Panay]] town on the island of [[Panay]]. Subsequently, they founded a second settlement, then named ''Capiz'' and now the city of [[Roxas, Capiz|Roxas]] in [[Capiz]] province, located on the bank of the [[Panay River]]. In 1570, López de Legazpi sent [[Juan de Salcedo]], his grandson who had arrived from Mexico in 1567, to [[Mindoro]] to fight the Muslim [[Moro people|Moro]]. Salcedo also destroyed forts on the islands of [[Ilin Island|Ilin]] and [[Lubang Island|Lubang]], respectively South and Northwest of Mindoro<ref name=halili2004 />{{rp|1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA79 79]}}

=== Luzon and the capture of Manila ===
{{Main|Battle of Manila (1570)|Battle of Bangkusay}}
In 1570, having heard of the rich resources in [[Luzon]], López de Legazpi dispatched [[Martín de Goiti]] to explore the northern region. Landing in [[Batangas]] with a force of 120 Spaniards, de Goiti explored the [[Pansipit River]], which drains [[Taal Lake]].<ref name=halili2004 />{{rp|1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA79 79]}} On 8 May, they arrived in modern [[Manila Bay]]. There, they were welcomed by the natives. Goiti's soldiers camped there for a few weeks while forming an alliance with the [[Muslim]] leader, Rajah Ache (better known as [[Rajah Matanda]]), who was a vassal under the Sultan of Brunei. López de Legazpi wanted to use Maynila's harbor as a base for trade with China. However, the Rajah's ally in northern shores of the bay, historically known as the young Bambalito of [[Macabebe, Pampanga|Macabebe]], asked [[Rajah Sulayman|Rajah Soliman]] (Old Ache) to revoke his alliance with the Spaniards. Rajah Matanda refused because of the "word of honor" of the Spaniards. Rajah Soliman had his conditions for Bambalito that if they were able to kill as least 50 Spaniards, he would revoke his alliance with López de Legazpi, and the Old Ache would help to expel the conquerors. Bambalito rode back to Macabebe and formed a fleet of two thousand five hundred moros consisting of soldiers from the villages along Maynila Bay particularly from Macabebe and [[Hagonoy, Bulacan|Hagonoy]].<ref name="Mann2012">{{cite book |last=Mann |first= Charles C. |author-link= Charles C. Mann |title= 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-lB3sy0aH4AC&pg=PA32 |access-date= 28 August 2012 |year=2012 |publisher= Random House Digital, Inc. |isbn= 978-0-307-27824-1 |page=32 }}</ref> On 30 May 1570, Bambalito sailed to Tondo with Caracoas and encountered the Spaniards at Bangkusay Channel, headed by Martin de Goiti on 3 June 1571. Bambalito and his fleet lost the battle and the Spaniards occupied the Islamized states of [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]] and [[Rajahnate of Maynila|Maynila]]. Maynila was prepared by Goiti for López de Legazpi who left Panay.{{efn|name=titles}}

In the same year, more reinforcements arrived in the Philippines, prompting López de Legazpi to leave Cebu for Panay and then for Luzon. He recruited 250 Spanish soldiers and 600 native warriors to explore the regions of Leyte and Panay. The following year, he followed Goiti and Salcedo in Maynila, after learning that the villages had been conquered.

During the early phase of the exploration of the northern part of the Philippines, López de Legazpi remained in Cebu and did not accompany his men during their conquest of Maynila because of health problems and advanced age.

In Maynila, López de Legazpi formed a peace pact with the native councils as well as the local rulers, [[Rajah Sulayman]] and [[Lakandula|Lakan Dula]]).{{efn|name=titles}} Both groups agreed to organize a city council, consisting of two mayors, twelve councilors and a secretary. López de Legazpi established a settlement there on 24 June 1571, and he also ordered the construction of the walled city of [[Intramuros]]. He proclaimed the town Manila to be the island's capital.

Upon the defeat of Bambalito, López de Legazpi ordered the exploration of the villages north of Manila. In September 1571, Goiti pacified [[Lubao, Pampanga|Lubao]] and Betis, using riverine tributaries of Rio Chico, then he reached the settlements in [[Calumpit]] and [[Malolos]] on 14 November 1571 and other old villages mostly along Manila Bay. López de Legazpi had established a government on the islands and became the first Spanish [[Governor-General of the Philippines|governor-general of the Philippines]].
[[File:SanAgustinChurch,Manilajf0364 07.JPG|thumb|382x382px|Tomb of Legazpi in [[San Agustin Church (Manila)|San Agustin church]] inside the [[Intramuros|walled city]] of [[Manila]]]]

===Last years===
López de Legazpi governed the Philippines for a year before dying suddenly of a stroke in Manila on 20 August 1572 after scolding an aide.<ref>{{cite book |last= Serag |first= Sebastian Sta. Cruz |title= The Remnants of the Great Ilonggo Nation |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7BsNAEtKyzcC |year=1997 |publisher= Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn= 978-971-23-2142-9 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=7BsNAEtKyzcC&pg=PA160 160]}}</ref><ref>Stanley Karnow, In our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines, pg 47.</ref> He died bankrupt, leaving a few [[peso]]s behind,{{how many?|date=July 2012}} due to having spent most of his personal fortune during the conquest. He was laid to rest in [[San Agustin Church, Manila|San Agustin Church]], Intramuros.

By the time of López de Legazpi's death, the parts of the [[Visayas]] had passed to Spanish rule. The Spanish met strong resistance from [[Moro people|Muslim sultanates]] on the island of [[Mindanao]], the [[Zambal]] tribes of Zambales, and the [[Igorot]] of the Cordilleran mountains, as well as some [[Wokou]] pirates from China and Japan.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

====Letters to the King of Spain====
During his final years, López de Legazpi wrote several letters to Philip II of Spain about his journey to the [[East Indies]],  and the conquest he had achieved.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beauchesne|first=Kim|date=2015|title=Trans-Pacific Connections: Cultural Contacts through the Lens of Miguel López de Legazpi's Representation of the Philippines and its Relationship with the Early Accounts of the New World |journal=Asian Journal of Latin American Studies|volume=28|pages=1–28}}</ref> These were collectively known as the {{Lang|es|"Cartas al Rey Don Felipe II: sobre la expedición, conquistas y progresos de las islas Felipinas"}} (Letters to the King Lord Philip II: on the expedition, conquests, and progress of the Philippine Islands). The letters are preserved at the [[General Archive of the Indies]] in Seville, Spain.

===Role of religion on the expedition===
At the time of López de Legazpi's arrival, the natives of the archipelago practiced [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[animism]]. Part of the motivation of the Spaniards was to evangelize the population and convert people to [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]ism.

With the [[Augustinians|Augustinian]], [[Franciscan]] and other friars, who had helped him establish a government on the islands, López de Legazpi worked to convert the natives to the Christian religion. In 1609, Antonio de Morga, Alcalde of Criminal Causes, in the Royal Audiencia of New Spain wrote:

<blockquote>After the islands had been conquered by the sovereign light of the holy gospel which entered therein, the heathen were baptized, the darkness of their paganism was banished and they changed their own for Christian names. The islands also, losing their former name, took — with the change of religion and the baptism of their inhabitants — that of Filipinas Islands, in recognition of the great favors received at the hands of his Majesty Filipe the Second, our sovereign, in whose fortunate time and reign they were conquered, protected and encouraged, as a work and achievement of his royal hands.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/7phip10.txt | title=History of the Philippine Islands | author=Antonio de Morga | author-link=Antonio de Morga | publisher=Project Gutenburg | access-date=2004-12-01}}</ref></blockquote>