Editing Michael Dukakis (section)

==Governor of Massachusetts==

=== 1974 election ===
{{see also|1974 Massachusetts gubernatorial election}}
[[File:Governor Dukakis speaks at the 1976 Democratic National Convention.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Dukakis speaking at the [[1976 Democratic National Convention]]]]

=== First term ===
{{See also|1977–1978 Massachusetts legislature}}
Dukakis was elected governor in 1974, defeating the incumbent Republican [[Francis Sargent]] during a period of fiscal crisis. Dukakis won in part by promising to be a "reformer" and pledging a "lead pipe guarantee" of no new taxes to balance the state budget. He would later reverse his position after taking office. He also pledged to dismantle the powerful [[Department of Conservation and Recreation (Massachusetts)|Metropolitan District Commission]] (MDC), a bureaucratic enclave that served as home to hundreds of political patronage employees. The MDC managed state parks, reservoirs, and waterways, as well as the highways and roads abutting those waterways. In addition to its own police force, the MDC had its own maritime patrol force, and an enormous budget from the state, for which it provided minimal accounting. Dukakis's efforts to dismantle the MDC failed in the legislature, where the MDC had many powerful supporters. As a result, the MDC would withhold its critical backing of Dukakis in the 1978 gubernatorial primary.

Governor Dukakis hosted President [[Gerald Ford]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remarks at the Old North Bridge, Concord, Massachusetts. {{!}} The American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-old-north-bridge-concord-massachusetts|access-date=October 13, 2021|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173747/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-old-north-bridge-concord-massachusetts|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Britain's Queen Elizabeth II]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/queen-elizabeth-ii-rides-with-gov-michael-dukakis-through-news-photo/631621874|title=Queen Elizabeth II rides with Gov. Michael Dukakis through the North End during her visit to Boston, July 11, 1976|website=Getty Images|date=January 13, 2017 |language=en-us|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524191248/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/queen-elizabeth-ii-rides-with-gov-michael-dukakis-through-news-photo/631621874|url-status=live}}</ref> during their visits to Boston in 1976 to commemorate the [[United States Bicentennial|bicentennial of the United States]]. He gained some notice as the only politician in the state government who went to work during the [[Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978|Blizzard of 1978]], during which he went to local TV studios in a sweater to announce emergency bulletins.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/02/03/have_we_learned_anything/?page=full | title = Have we learned anything? | author = Peter J. Howe | newspaper = The Boston Globe | date = February 3, 2008 | access-date = August 19, 2014 | archive-date = August 20, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140820083040/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/02/03/have_we_learned_anything/?page=full | url-status = live }}</ref> Dukakis is also remembered for his 1977 [[exoneration]] of [[Sacco and Vanzetti]], two Italian anarchists whose trial sparked protests around the world. During his first term in office, Dukakis [[Commutation of sentence|commuted the sentences]] of 21 first-degree murderers and 23 second-degree murderers.

His first term performance proved to be insufficient to offset a backlash against the state's high sales and property tax rates, which turned out to be the predominant issue in the [[1978 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|1978 gubernatorial campaign]]. Dukakis, despite being the incumbent Democratic governor, was refused renomination by his own party. The [[Massachusetts Democratic Party|state's Democratic Party]] chose to support Director of the [[Massachusetts Port Authority]] [[Edward J. King]] in the [[Partisan primary|primary]], partly because King rode the wave against high property taxes, but more significantly because state Democratic Party leaders lost confidence in Dukakis's ability to govern effectively. King also enjoyed the support of the power brokers at the MDC, who were unhappy with Dukakis's attempts to dismantle their powerful bureaucracy. King also had support from state police and public employee unions. Dukakis suffered a scathing defeat in the primary, a disappointment that his wife Kitty called "a public death".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-17-mn-36772-story.html|title=An Enigma: For Dukakis, Key Is Voter Perception|date=January 17, 1988|first=Bob|last=Drogin|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=January 18, 2023|archive-date=January 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118114259/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-17-mn-36772-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cabinet===
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="2" style="float:margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px solid #000; font-size:85%"
|-
! style="background:#dcdcdc" colspan="3"|The First Dukakis Cabinet
|-
| style="text-align:left" | '''OFFICE'''
| align=left | '''NAME'''
| align=left | '''TERM'''
|-
! style="background:#000" colspan="3"|
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Governor of Massachusetts|Governor]]
| align=left  | '''Michael Dukakis'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts|Lt. Governor]]
| align=left | '''[[Thomas P. O'Neill III]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
! style="background:#000" colspan="3"|
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Transportation
| align=left | '''[[Frederick P. Salvucci]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Communities and Development
| align=left | '''[[William G. Flynn]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Environmental Affairs
| align=left | '''[[Evelyn Murphy]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Consumer Affairs
| align=left | '''[[Lola Dickerman]]'''<br />'''[[Christine Sullivan (state cabinet secretary)|Christine Sullivan]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1976<br />1976–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Human Services
| align=left | '''[[Lucy W. Benson]]'''<br />'''[[Jerald Stevens]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1975<br />1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Elder Affairs
| align=left | '''[[James H. Callahan]]'''
| align=left | 1977–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Administration & Finance
| align=left | '''[[John R. Buckley]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Public Safety
| align=left | '''[[Charles V. Barry]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Economic Affairs
| align=left | '''[[Howard N. Smith]]'''
| align=left | 1977–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Energy
| align=left | '''[[Henry Lee (state cabinet secretary)|Henry Lee]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Education
| align=left | '''[[Paul Parks]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|}

===Between governorships===
Following his first governorship, Dukakis taught at [[Harvard University]]'s [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]].<ref name=wtva1/> In 1980, Dukakis published his book ''State and Cities: The Massachusetts Experience''.<ref name=wtva1/>

===Second term===
[[File:Flynn, Ferraro, and Dukakis.jpg|thumb|right|Governor Dukakis with Boston Mayor [[Raymond Flynn]] and Democratic vice-presidential nominee [[Geraldine Ferraro]] campaigning in the [[1984 United States presidential election|1984 presidential election]].]]
{{see also|1982 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|1985–1986 Massachusetts legislature|1986 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|1987–1988 Massachusetts legislature|1989–1990 Massachusetts legislature}}
Four years later, having made peace with the state Democratic Party, MDC, the state police and public employee unions, Dukakis defeated King in a re-match in the 1982 Democratic primary. He went on to defeat his Republican opponent, [[John Winthrop Sears]], in the November election. Future United States senator, [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]] Democratic presidential nominee, and US Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] was elected [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts|lieutenant governor]] on the same ballot with Dukakis, and served in the Dukakis administration from 1983 to 1985.

Dukakis served as governor during which time he presided over a high-tech boom and a period of prosperity in Massachusetts while simultaneously earning a reputation as a 'technocrat'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/08/magazine/dukakis.html|title=Dukakis|last=Butterfield|first=Fox|date=May 8, 1988|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 22, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010150/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/08/magazine/dukakis.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The National Governors Association voted Dukakis the most effective governor in 1986. Residents of the city of Boston and its surrounding areas remember him for the improvements he made to Boston's [[public transport|mass transit]] system, especially major renovations to the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|city's trains and buses]]. He was known for riding the [[Rapid transit|subway]] to work every day as governor.<ref>{{cite news| url =https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/23/us/boston-in-transit-war-against-uneasy-riding.html| title =Boston in transit war against uneasy riding| newspaper =The New York Times| date =March 23, 1986| access-date =February 11, 2017| archive-date =August 10, 2016| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160810162959/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/23/us/boston-in-transit-war-against-uneasy-riding.html| url-status =live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/01/31/south-station-may-track-for-new-name-that-mike-dukakis/GBlBTJUC0HJDf94wKYN9yM/story.html|title= Will there be a new Duke at South Station?|author= Michael Levenson|newspaper= The Boston Globe|date= January 31, 2014|access-date= June 21, 2017|archive-date= August 19, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160819215801/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/01/31/south-station-may-track-for-new-name-that-mike-dukakis/GBlBTJUC0HJDf94wKYN9yM/story.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

In 1988, Dukakis and [[Rosabeth Moss Kanter]], his economic adviser in the 1988 presidential elections, wrote a book entitled ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=01deAAAAIAAJ Creating the Future: the Massachusetts Comeback and Its Promise for America]'', an examination of the [[Massachusetts Miracle]].<ref>Butterfield, Fox (May 1, 1988).[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/01/books/what-you-see-is-what-you-get.html?pagewanted=all "What you see is what you get"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305231746/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/01/books/what-you-see-is-what-you-get.html?pagewanted=all |date=March 5, 2016 }}. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved April 14, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite book | title= Management theory | last= Sheldrake | first= John | year= 2003 | publisher= [[Thomson Learning]] | location= London | isbn= 978-1-86152-963-3 | page= 231 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=59Qi-X9PEgoC&pg=PA231 }}</ref>

===Cabinet===
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="2" style="float:margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px solid #000; font-size:85%"
|-
! style="background:#dcdcdc" colspan="3" | The Second Dukakis Cabinet
|-
| style="text-align:left" | '''OFFICE'''
| align=left | '''NAME'''
| align=left | '''TERM'''
|-
! style="background:#000" colspan="3"|
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Governor of Massachusetts|Governor]]
| align=left  | '''Michael Dukakis'''
| align=left | 1983–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts|Lt. Governor]]
| align=left | '''[[John Kerry]]'''<br />'''[[Evelyn Murphy]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1985<br />1987–1991
|-
! style="background:#000" colspan="3"|
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Transportation
| align=left | '''[[Frederick P. Salvucci]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Communities and Development
| align=left | '''[[Amy S. Anthony]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Environmental Affairs
| align=left | '''[[James Hoyte]]'''<br />'''[[John DeVillars]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1988<br />1988–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Consumer Affairs
| align=left | '''[[Paula W. Gold]]'''<br />'''[[Mary Ann Walsh]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1989<br />1989–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Human Services
| align=left | '''[[Manuel C. Carballo]]'''<br />'''[[Philip W. Johnston]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1984<br />1984–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Elder Affairs
| align=left | <br />'''[[Richard H. Rowland]]'''<br />'''[[Paul J. Lanzikos]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1987<br />1987–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Labor
| align=left | '''[[Paul Eustace]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Administration & Finance
| align=left | '''[[Frank Keefe (state cabinet secretary)|Frank Keefe]]'''<br />'''[[L. Edward Lashman]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1988<br />1988–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Public Safety
| align=left | '''[[Charles V. Barry]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Economic Affairs
| align=left | '''[[Evelyn Murphy]]'''<br />'''[[Joseph Alviani]]'''<br />'''[[Grady Hedgespeth]]'''<br />'''[[Alden S. Raine]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1986<br />1986–1989<br />1989–1989<br />1989–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Energy
| align=left | '''[[Sharon Pollard]]'''
| align=left | <br />1983–1989
|}