Editing Mechanization (section)

===Industrial revolution===
The [[Newcomen steam engine]] was first used, to pump water from a mine, in 1712. [[John Smeaton]] introduced metal gears and axles to water wheels in the mid to last half of the 18th century. The [[Industrial Revolution]] started mainly with textile machinery, such as the [[spinning jenny]] (1764) and [[water frame]] (1768).

Demand for metal parts used in textile machinery led to the invention of many [[machine tool]]s in the late 1700s until the mid-1800s.   After the early decades of the 19th century, iron increasingly replaced wood in gearing and shafts in textile machinery. In the 1840s ''self acting'' machine tools were developed. Machinery was developed to make nails ca. 1810. The Fourdrinier [[paper machine]] for [[continuous production]] of paper was patented in 1801, displacing the centuries-old hand method of making individual sheets of paper.

One of the first mechanical devices used in agriculture was the [[seed drill]] invented by [[Jethro Tull (agriculturist)|Jethro Tull]] around 1700.  The seed drill allowed more uniform spacing of seed and planting depth than hand methods, increasing yields and saving valuable seed. In 1817, [[History of the bicycle|the first bicycle was invented and used]] in Germany. [[Mechanized agriculture]] greatly increased in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries with horse drawn [[reaper]]s and horse powered [[threshing machine]]s.<ref name="Rumely1910">{{Cite journal |last=Rumeley |first=Edward A. |date=August 1910 |title=The Passing Of The Man With The Hoe |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XX |pages=13246–13258 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsrkfU461xAC&pg=PA13246 |access-date=2009-07-10 }}</ref>  By the late nineteenth century steam power was applied to threshing and steam tractors appeared.  Internal combustion began being used for tractors in the early twentieth century.  Threshing and harvesting was originally done with attachments for tractors, but in the 1930s independently powered [[combine harvester]]s were in use.

In the mid to late 19th century, hydraulic and pneumatic devices were able to power various mechanical actions, such as positioning tools or work pieces.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power |last=Hunter |first=Louis C. |author2=Bryant, Lynwood |year=1991 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, London |isbn=0-262-08198-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindustr00hunt }}</ref>  Pile drivers and steam hammers are examples for heavy work.  In food processing, pneumatic or hydraulic devices could start and stop filling of cans or bottles on a conveyor.  Power steering for automobiles uses hydraulic mechanisms, as does practically all earth moving equipment and other construction equipment and many attachments to tractors.  Pneumatic (usually compressed air) power is widely used to operate industrial valves.