Editing McIntosh (apple) (section)

==History==
[[File:Apples on tree 2011 G1 cropped.jpg|thumb|McIntosh apples on a tree]]
Apple trees were introduced to Canada at the [[Habitation at Port-Royal]] as early as 1606 by French settlers. Following its introduction, apple cultivation spread inland.{{sfn|Canadian Geographic staff|2002}}

The McIntosh's discoverer, [[John McIntosh (farmer)|John McIntosh]] (1777&nbsp;–&nbsp;{{circa|1845–46}}),{{sfn|Fox|2010}} left his native [[Mohawk Valley]] home in New York State{{sfnm|1a1=Small|1y=2009|1p=61|2a1=Gollner|2y=2008|2p=10}} in 1796{{sfn|Canadian Geographic staff|2002}} to follow his love, Dolly Irwin, who had been taken to [[Upper Canada]] by her [[United Empire Loyalist|Loyalist]] parents.  She had died by the time he found her, but he settled as a farmer in Upper Canada.{{sfn|Gollner|2008|p=10}}  He married Hannah Doran in 1801, and they farmed along the [[Saint Lawrence River]] until 1811,{{efn|Several print and online sources, as well as the 1996 commemorative silver dollar, have mistakenly stated 1796 as the year of the McIntosh's discovery.  1796 was the year of McIntosh's immigration to Canada.  The confusion may have stemmed from an error on the 1912 plaque erected by the McIntosh family.{{sfn|Fox|2010}} }} when McIntosh exchanged the land he had with his brother-in-law Edward Doran for a plot in [[South Dundas, Ontario|Dundela]].{{efn|Dundela is about 70&nbsp;km south of [[Ottawa]], the Canadian capital.{{sfn|CBC News staff|2011}} }}{{sfn|Fox|2010}}

While clearing the overgrown plot, McIntosh discovered some apple seedlings on his farm.<ref name="CanHist">{{cite web |last1=Peacock |first1=Shane |title=The Mystery of Mr. McIntosh's Apple |url=https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/arts-culture-society/the-mystery-of-mr-mcintosh-s-apple? |website=Canada's History |publisher=Canada’s History Society |access-date=21 November 2024 |date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Since the crabapple was the only native apple in North America before European settlement, it must have had European origins. The Snow Apple (or Fameuse) had been popular in [[Lower Canada]] before that time; the seedlings may have sprouted from discarded fruit. Fall St Lawrence and Alexander have also been proposed, but the parentage remains unknown.{{sfn|Ferree|Warrington|2003|p=74}}<ref name="CanHist"/> He transplanted the seedlings next to his house.  One of the seedlings bore particularly good fruit.{{sfn|Fox|2010}}  The McIntosh grandchildren dubbed the fruit it produced "Granny's apple", as they often saw their grandmother taking care of the tree in the orchard.{{sfn|Boyle|2011|p=29}}  McIntosh was selling seedlings from the tree by 1820, but they did not produce fruit of the quality of the original.{{sfn|Fox|2010}}

John McIntosh's son Allan (1815–1899){{sfn|Fox|2010}} learned [[grafting]] about 1835;{{sfn|Canadian Geographic staff|2002}} with this cloning, the McIntoshes could maintain the distinctive properties of the fruit of the original tree.  Allan and brother Sandy (1825–1906), nicknamed "Sandy the Grafter", increased production and promotion of the cultivar.{{sfn|Fox|2010}}  Earliest sales were in 1835, and in 1836 the cultivar was renamed the "McIntosh Red";{{efn|The "Gem" was also considered as a name for the apple.{{sfn|Fox|2010}} }} it entered commercial production in 1870.  The apple became popular after 1900, when the first sprays for [[apple scab]] were developed.{{sfn|Ferree|Warrington|2003|p=74}} A house fire damaged the original McIntosh tree in 1894; it last produced fruit in 1908, and died and fell over in 1910.{{sfn|Fox|2010}}<ref name="CanHist"/>
[[File:Pommes du marché Jean-Talon - McIntosh.jpg|thumb|McIntosh apples on sale at the [[Jean-Talon Market]] in Montreal]]
Horticulturist William Tyrrell Macoun of the [[Central Experimental Farm]] in [[Ottawa]] is credited with popularizing the McIntosh in Canada.  He stated the McIntosh needed "no words of praise", that it was "one of the finest appearing and best dessert apples grown".  The Macoun, a hybrid of the McIntosh and Jersey Black grown by the Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, NY, was named for him in 1923.{{sfn|Fox|2010}}  In the northeastern United States, the McIntosh replaced many [[Baldwin (apple)|Baldwin]]s that were killed in a severe winter in 1933–34.{{sfn|Ferree|Warrington|2003|p=74}}  In the late 1940s, Canadian ambassador to the United Nations [[Andrew McNaughton]] told the Soviet Minister for Foreign Affairs [[Andrei Gromyko]] that the McIntosh Red was Canada's best apple.{{sfn|Tapper|2011}}{{dubious|date=August 2014}}

The McIntosh made up 40% of the Canadian apple market by the 1960s;{{sfn|Kearney|Ray|2002|p=184}} and at least thirty varieties of McIntosh hybrid were known by 1970.{{sfn|Fox|2010}}

Its popularity later waned in the face of competition from imports; in the first decade of the 21st century, the [[Gala (apple)|Gala]] accounted for 33% of the apple market in Ontario to the McIntosh's 12%, and the [[Northern Spy]] had become the preferred apple for pies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdsboutique.com/en/blog_old/did-you-know-that/the-history-of-the-mcintosh|title=The History of the McIntosh / Concepts du sablier|first=Marie-France|last=Dozois |website=cdsboutique.com|language=en|date=2013-09-02|access-date=2017-09-23|archive-date=2017-09-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095848/https://www.cdsboutique.com/en/blog_old/did-you-know-that/the-history-of-the-mcintosh }}</ref> Production remained important to Ontario, however, as {{convert|66000000|lb|kg|order=flip}} of McIntoshes were produced in 2010.{{sfn|Tapper|2011}}

The original tree discovered by John McIntosh bore fruit for more than ninety years, and died in 1910.{{sfn|Canadian Geographic staff|2002}}  Horticulturalists from the [[Upper Canada Village]] heritage park saved cuttings from the last known first-generation McIntosh graft before it died in 2011 for producing clones.{{sfn|CBC News staff|2011}}
=== Descendant cultivars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Descendant cultivars from McIntosh<ref>Fruit Varieties Journal vol. 29, 1975</ref>
|-
! Name!! Parentage !! Selected year !! Introduced year
|-
| Edgar|| McIntosh x Forest || 1929 || 
|-
| Toshfor || McIntosh x Forest || || 1926
|-
| Maud || McIntosh x Longfield ||  || 1921
|-
| Sharon || McIntosh x Longfield || 1920 || 1922
|-
| Blair|| McIntosh x Fameuse || 1944 || 1973
|-
| Jubilee || McIntosh x Grimes Golden || 1936|| 1939
|-
| Macoun || McIntosh x Jersey Black  ||1918 ||1923
|-
| Toshlaw || McIntosh x Lawver || || 1925
|-
| Fantazja || McIntosh x Linda || 1954 || 1960
|-
|  South Dakota Macata ||McIntosh x Malus Baccata ||  || 1938
|-
| Toshkee || McIntosh x Milwaukee ||  || 1923
|-
| Spartan || McIntosh x Newtown || 1936 || 
|-
| Maga || McIntosh x Virginia Crab || 1919 || 1933
|-
|Michaelmas Red ||McIntosh x Worcester Pearmain || ||1945
|-
|Tydemans Early Worcester ||McIntosh x Worcester Pearmain ||  ||1945
|-
| Newtosh || McIntosh x Yellow Newtown || 1922 || 1923
|-
| Killand|| McIntosh x Dolgo || 1951|| 1957
|-
| Northland || McIntosh x Dolgo || 1938 || 1957
|-
| Stonetosh || Stone x McIntosh ||  || 1922
|-
| Rosilda || Prince x McIntosh || 1916 || 1921
|-
| Cortland || Ben Davis x McIntosh ||  || 1915
|-
| Toshprince || Prince x McIntosh ||  || 1923
|-
|McPrince ||Prince x McIntosh ||  ||1922
|-
|Niagara ||Carlton x McIntosh ||1950   ||   1962
|-
| George || McIntosh O.P. || || 1948
|-
| Glendale || McIntosh O.P. || 1948 || 1956
|-
| Glenelm || McIntosh O.P. || 1945 || 1952
|-
| Glenmary || McIntosh O.P. || 1940 || 1948
|-
| Glenwale || McIntosh O.P. || 1940 || 1958
|-
| Kress McIntosh || McIntosh O.P. || 1920 || 1934
|-
|Lobo ||McIntosh O.P. ||1906 ||1930
|-
| Melba  || McIntosh O.P. || 1909 || 1924
|-
|Patricia ||McIntosh O.P. ||1920 ||
|-
| Reta || McIntosh O.P. ||  || 1953
|}
O.P. = Open Pollinated