Editing Maximilian Kaller (section)

==After World War II==
After World War II, [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II|most Germans were expelled]] to [[Allied-occupied Germany]], including Marquardt who had to leave in July. Frauenburg's [[cathedral chapter]] then elected the aged Canon Johannes (Jan) Hanowski, a German of Polish ethnicity and long-term archpriest of [[Olsztyn|Allenstein]] (today's Olsztyn), as [[capitular vicar]], i.e. provisional head of the see, on 28 July 1945.<ref name="Pietrzak section Rezygnacja">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Pietrzak|url=http://www.tchr.org/hlond/www/book/hlond05.htm|title=Działalność kard. Augusta Hlonda jako wysłannika papieskiego na ziemiach odzyskanych w 1945 r. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718075623/http://www.tchr.org/hlond/www/book/hlond05.htm |archivedate=18 July 2011 |chapter=Rezygnacja niemieckich hierarchów z jurysdykcji}}</ref>

Kaller, who had been stranded by the end of the war in [[Halle (Saale)|Halle upon Saale]], made his {{convert|720|km|mi|adj=on}}-long way back to his see and arrived on one of the first nights of August 1945 in Allenstein/Olsztyn, taking on the jurisdiction from Hanowski. He started to develop new plans for his diocese especially aiming at overcoming the nationalist antagonism between Catholics of the German and Polish languages, reshaping the diocese in the spirit of German-Polish reconciliation.<ref name="Pietrzak section Rezygnacja"/> He appointed Franciszek Borowiec, his close collaborator, as new vicar general for the Diocesan area under Polish occupation and Paul Hoppe (1900–1988), [[Königsberg|Königsberg in Prussia]] (today's [[Kaliningrad]]), as vicar general for the diocesan area under Soviet occupation.<ref name="Pietrzak section Rezygnacja"/><ref name="Visitator Hoppe">[http://www.visitator-ermland.de/txt/hopepaul.htm "Paul Hoppe"], ''Apostolischer Visitator Ermland, the website of the Apostolic Visitator for the Ermland Diocesans in Germany.</ref>

Kaller further appointed an ethnic Pole as new [[provost (religion)|cathedral provost]], since his predecessor provost, Franz Xaver Sander (also [[Official#Ecclesiastical judiciary|official]]), and five more fellow cathedral canons had been killed by the invading Soviets. (The other killed canons were Andreas Hinzmann, Dr. Franz Heyduschka, Dr. Wladislaus Switalski, Anton Krause and Dr. Bruno Gross.)<ref name="Preuschoff Seit 1945">{{cite journal|author=Hans Preuschoff|title=Seit 1945 fährt das Ermland zweigleisig|journal=Ermlandbriefe|year=1981|edition= Christmas|url=http://mitglied.multimania.de/kranlucken/zweigleisig.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320094856/http://mitglied.multimania.de/kranlucken/zweigleisig.htm |archivedate=20 March 2012|accessdate=12 December 2010}}</ref> Addressing the Polish authorities in the annexed area of his diocese, Kaller declared that he wanted to continue his episcopate within [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]], but officials said it was for neither him nor them, but Warsaw to decide that.<ref name="Pietrzak section Rezygnacja"/> Kaller chose four ethnic Poles as canon candidates to replenish the chapter so that ethnic Poles and Germans would each have half the seats. With these activities and plans Kaller was unique among the German bishops in the eastern territories.<ref name="Pietrzak section Rezygnacja"/>

On 14 August, he received a telegramme from [[August Hlond]] for the expelled Marquardt. Polish Primate Hlond had invited the vicar general for a meeting on the diocesan future to [[Pelplin]], not knowing that the Polish authorities had expelled him, let alone that the deported Kaller had managed to return.<ref name="Pietrzak section Rezygnacja"/> A Polish government car was provided and Kaller and Borowiec travelled the next day to Pelplin. When, on coming for the general vicar, the Polish government representatives learned the bishop himself was coming, they sent an advance party to Pelplin in order to inform Hlond.<ref name="Preuschoff Seit 1945"/>

As Pelplin's canon and chancellor, Franciszek Kurland recalled, Kaller was not welcomed in priestly fraternity.<ref name="Preuschoff Seit 1945"/> It was difficult enough to urge a general vicar to resign, but the papally-invested bishop was another task. In fluent Polish, Kaller and Hlond, his chaplain Bolesław Filipiak, his brother Antoni Hlond SDB, Leon Kozłowski (Chełmno's vicar general) and Kurland conversed while taking lunch, discussing the situation. Kaller explained that he wanted to stay with his diocese in Poland and talked about his plans. Hlond replied that Kaller was no Polish citizen and thus unacceptable as bishop in the Polish area, avoiding the term "state", since Ermland diocese was only Polish-occupied German territory.<ref name="Pietrzak section Rezygnacja"/><ref name="Preuschoff Seit 1945"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Andreas Kossert|title=Ostpreußen: Geschichte und Mythos|location=Munich|publisher=Siedler|year=2005|page=359|isbn=3-88680-808-4}}</ref> Afterwards, in a private conversation, Hlond urged Kaller to resign which he did for the jurisdiction in the Polish-occupied diocesan area, but retained the office of Bishop of Ermland,<ref name="Preuschoff Seit 1945"/> which rather turned quite void, especially since in the Soviet-occupied diocesan area no Catholic ecclesiastical activity whatsoever was tolerated. Later in Poznań, Hlond praised Kaller for how he had complied with the demanded resignation from jurisdiction.<ref name="Pietrzak section Rezygnacja"/>

On his way back, accompanied by Borowiec, Kaller cried and told him that the jurisdiction in the Polish-occupied diocesan area would be passed on to [[Teodor Bensch]], a German-born naturalised Pole, who would arrive within days officiating as apostolic administrator. They returned home in the evening on 16 August. Kaller could not appoint the four new canons for the chapter any more but was expelled the next day, transferred by lorry to Warsaw, accompanied by Borowiec, who also joined him on the train to Poznań on 18 August. Then Borowiec, who had not been expelled, returned to the diocese, while Kaller had to leave via [[Stettin]] for Allied-occupied Germany.<ref name="Pietrzak section Rezygnacja"/>