Editing Maundy Thursday (section)

==Services==
===Western Christianity===

Maundy Thursday initiates the [[Paschal Triduum]], the period which commemorates the [[Passion (Christianity)|passion]], [[Crucifixion of Jesus|death]], and [[resurrection of Jesus]]. This period includes Good Friday and [[Holy Saturday]], and ends on the evening of Easter Sunday.<ref name="Story"/><ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dyWqm3hCMC0C&q=Triduum+Maundy&pg=PA113|title = The Companion to the Book of Common Worship| first= Peter C.   |last= Bower|date = 2003|publisher = [[Geneva Press]]|isbn = 9780664502324|quote=All of Holy Week points toward the passion – the death and resurrection of Christ. The week's three final days (from sunset Thursday through sunset on Easter) complete the commemoration of Christ's passion. These three days are called the Triduum.|access-date = 11 April 2009}}</ref> The [[Mass of the Lord's Supper]] or service of worship is normally celebrated in the evening, when Friday begins according to Jewish tradition, as the Last Supper was held on the feast of [[Passover]], according to the three [[Synoptic Gospels]].<ref>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1UWp5pi1SdUC&q=maundy+thursday+evening+jewish&pg=PA64|title = Worship and Festivals|publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]]|first1=Gwyneth   |last1= Windsor | first2 = John   |last2= Hughes|quote=On the Thursday, which is known as Maundy Thursday, Christians remember the Last Supper which Jesus had with his disciples. It was the Jewish Feast of the Passover, and the meal which they had together was the traditional ''Seder'' meal, eaten that evening by the Jews everywhere.|date= 1990|isbn = 9780435302733|access-date = 11 April 2009}}</ref>

====Services====
{{Main|Mass of the Lord's Supper|Royal Maundy}}

In the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Royal Maundy]] service involves the [[Monarch]] offering "alms" to deserving senior citizens – one man and one woman for each year of the sovereign's age.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/royal-maundy-service|title=Royal Maundy Service|website=The Royal Family |language=en|access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref> These coins, known as [[Maundy money]] or Royal Maundy, are distributed in red and white purses, and is a custom dating back to [[Edward I of England|King Edward I]]. The red purse contains regular currency and is given in place of food and clothing. The white purse has money in the amount of one penny for each year of the Sovereign's age. Since 1822, rather than ordinary money, the Sovereign gives out [[Maundy money#Maundy coinage|Maundy coins]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maundy Money |url =http://www.royalmint.com/RoyalMint/web/site/Corporate/Corp_british_coinage/Maundy_Money.asp |access-date=28 March 2007 |website=The Royal Mint|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070328121720/http://www.royalmint.com/RoyalMint/web/site/Corporate/Corp_british_coinage/Maundy_Money.asp |archive-date =28 March 2007 }}</ref> which are specially minted 1, 2, 3 and 4 penny pieces, and are legal tender. The service at which this takes place rotates around English and Welsh churches, though in 2008 it took place for the first time in [[Northern Ireland]] at [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh (Church of Ireland)|Armagh Cathedral]]. Until the death of King [[James II of England|James II]], the [[Monarch]] would also wash the feet of the selected poor people. There is an old sketch, done from life, of Queen [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] washing people's feet on Maundy Thursday.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

The [[Footwashing|Maundy]] (washing of the feet) is practised among many Christian groups on Maundy Thursday, including the [[Anglican]]/[[Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Protestant Episcopal]],<ref>{{cite book | title = Episcopal and the African Methodist Episcopal Church | work = Book of Occasional Services | page = 93 | year = 1994}}</ref> [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armenianchurch.net/worship/easter/thursday.html |title=Maundy Thursday |publisher=The Armenian Church |access-date=13 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224130221/http://www.armenianchurch.net/worship/easter/thursday.html |archive-date=24 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian]], [[Lutheran]],  [[Methodist]], [[Eastern Catholic]], [[Schwarzenau Brethren|Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brethren.org/ |title=Churches of the Brethren |publisher=Brethren.org |date=8 August 2013 |access-date=13 August 2013}}</ref> [[Mennonite]],  [[Presbyterian]] and [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] traditions.<ref name="UMC Maundy Thursday">{{cite web|url = http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=2873| title = What is Maundy Thursday? |publisher = United Methodist Church|access-date = 21 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Stamm2015">{{cite book |last1=Stamm |first1=Mark |title=Devoting Ourselves to the Prayers: A Baptismal Theology for the Church's Intercessory Work |date=2015 |publisher=Upper Room Books |isbn=978-0-88177-714-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Elwell2001">{{cite book |last1=Elwell |first1=Walter A. |title=Evangelical Dictionary of Theology |date=2001 |publisher=Baker Academic |isbn=978-0-8010-2075-9 |page=750 |language=en |quote=Observed in the Roman Catholic Church, Maundy Thursday appears on the Lutheran, Anglican, and many Reformed liturgical calendars and is almost universally celebrated with the Lord's Supper.}}</ref>

[[File:Chancel of Houston Memorial UMC on Good Friday.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Stripping of the Altar|Altar and crucifix veiled]] in a Methodist church on Maundy Thursday in preparation for [[Good Friday]]]]

With Maundy Thursday commemorating the [[Last Supper]], Christian denominations who observe this day universally celebrate the [[sacrament]] of [[Holy Communion]], which they teach was instituted by Jesus on this night.<ref name="Elwell2001"/> In the Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church and in certain Anglican congregations, the [[Mass of the Lord's Supper]] begins as usual, but the [[Gloria in Excelsis Deo|Gloria]] is accompanied by the ringing of [[church bell]]s, which are then silent until the [[Easter Vigil]].<ref name="CC-Maundy Thursday">{{cite web|url = http://www.catholicculture.org/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2008-03-20|title = Maundy Thursday|publisher = Catholic Culture|access-date = 21 March 2007|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514153942/http://www.catholicculture.org/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2008-03-20|archive-date = 14 May 2011|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Gramenz2021">{{cite web |last1=Gramenz |first1=Stefan |title=Holy Week II: Maundy Thursday |url=https://lutheranmissal.home.blog/2021/03/26/holy-week-overview-ii-maundy-thursday/ |publisher=The Lutheran Missal |access-date=26 March 2024 |language=en |date=27 March 2021}}</ref> After the homily the washing of feet may be performed. The [[Blessed Sacrament]] remains exposed, at least in the Catholic Mass, until the service concludes with a [[procession]] taking it to the [[Altar of Repose|place of reposition]]. The altar is later stripped bare, as are all other altars in the church except the Altar of Repose. In pre-1970 editions, the [[Roman Missal]] of the Catholic Church envisages this being done ceremonially, to the accompaniment of {{bibleverse||Psalms|21–22|KJV}},<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sanctamissa.org/en/resources/books-1962/missale-romanum-1962.pdf| title = Missale Romanum| year = 1962| page = 161| access-date = 8 February 2021| archive-date = 15 February 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200215054059/https://sanctamissa.org/en/resources/books-1962/missale-romanum-1962.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Stripping of an Altar}}</ref> a practice which continues in the Lutheran churches and Anglican churches of Anglo-Catholic [[churchmanship]].<ref name="LL2013">{{cite web |title=The Three Days: traditions of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and the Vigil of Easter |url=https://www.livinglutheran.org/2013/04/three-days-traditions-maundy-thursday-good-friday-vigil-easter |publisher=[[Living Lutheran]] |date=5 April 2013 |quote=After the Eucharist is celebrated it is customary to “strip the altar,” which symbolizes the abandonment of Jesus by his disciples and the stripping of Jesus by the soldiers before his crucifixion. It represents the humiliation of Jesus and the consequences of sin as a preparation for the celebration of new life. In many congregations Psalm 22 is read or sung while the paraments are being removed.}}</ref> In other [[Christian denominations]], such as the Methodist Churches, the stripping of the altar and other items on the [[chancel]] also occurs, as a preparation for the somber [[Good Friday]] service.<ref name="LBW-Maundy Thursday">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BinVUNIdOgAC&q=stripping+of+altar+lutheran&pg=PA319| title = Maundy Thursday: Stripping the Altar |publisher = Lutheran Church|access-date = 21 March 2007|isbn = 978-0-8066-1676-6|author1 = Pfatteicher, Philip H|author2 = Messerli, Carlos R|year = 1979}}</ref> The stripping of the altar represents "the abandonment of Jesus by his disciples and the stripping of Jesus by the soldiers before his crucifixion."<ref name="LL2013"/>

====Chrism Mass====
{{main|Chrism Mass}}
[[File:P Villanueva Messe im Lateran.jpg|thumb|right|Chrism Mass in the [[Lateran Basilica]]]]
The Chrism Mass is a religious service held in Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism and Anglicanism.<ref name="ELCA2013">{{cite book|title=How is oil used in worship?|year=2013|publisher=[[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]]|language=en|page=2|quote=This service, also called a Chrism Mass, is held during Holy Week and presided over by a synodical bishop. At this unique liturgy, the blessing of oil is coupled with a renewal of vows for rostered leaders. The traditional day for this service is Maundy Thursday).}}</ref><ref name=Tennessee>{{cite web | url = http://edtn.org/chrism-mass-2017 | title = Chrism Mass 2017 | work = The Episcopal Diocese of Tennessee | access-date = 13 April 2017 | archive-date = 13 April 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170413153130/http://edtn.org/chrism-mass-2017/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Maundy Thursday is notable for being the day on which the Chrism Mass is celebrated in each [[diocese]]. Usually held in the diocesan [[cathedral]], it is generally held on the morning of Maundy Thursday, but may in some dioceses take place on another day during Holy Week.<ref>[http://catholicexchange.com/what-is-the-chrism-mass Saunders, William. "What is the Chrism Mass?", ''Arlington Catholic Herald'', March 23, 2017]</ref> The Mass is a celebration of the institution of the priesthood.<ref name="ELCA2013"/><ref>{{cite web| url =  http://www.themonitor.com/article_8d0fa9c4-1f2e-11e7-bbf9-c313ec45cbb7.html | title =What is the Chrism Mass? | work =The Monitor | location = McAllen, Texas | date = April 11, 2017}}</ref>

During the Mass, those present are called to renew their baptismal promises. Priests/ministers and deacons also reaffirm their ministry by renewing the promises made at their ordination.<ref name=Jalbert>{{cite web| url = https://www.catholicnh.org/worship-and-sacraments/faith/worship/chrism | last = Jalbert | first = Jason | title = Chrism Mass | work = Diocese of Manchester (New Hampshire)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Chrism Mass | work = Cathedral of St. Mary's, Diocese of Lafayette-in-Indiana | date = April 4, 2017 |url=https://dol-in.org/news/chrism-mass | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170413153251/https://dol-in.org/news/chrism-mass |access-date=13 April 2017 | archive-date = 13 April 2017 }}</ref> The Mass takes its name from the blessing of the [[Chrism|holy oils]] used in the sacraments throughout the year, which are then given to priests to take back to their parishes.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nola.com/religion/index.ssf/2017/04/chrism_mass_to_be_celebrated_a.html  | last =Chatelain | first =Kim | title =Chrism Mass to be celebrated at 10 a.m. at St. Louis Cathedral | work =Times-Picayune | date =April 11, 2017}}</ref>

The service is a 1967 restoration of the rite recorded in the early 200s by the historian [[Hippolytus of Rome|Hippolytus]] who writes of a ceremony taking place during the Easter Vigil at which two holy oils were blessed and one was consecrated. In the decree renewing this rite [[Pope Paul VI]] said, "The Chrism Mass is one of the principal expressions of the fullness of the bishop's priesthood and signifies the closeness of the priests with him."<ref name=Baltimore>{{cite web |  title = Chrism Mass | work = Catholic Review | publisher = Archdiocese of Baltimore | date =  March 27, 2008 | url = https://www.archbalt.org/about-us/our-bishops/cardinal-obrien/articles/chism-mass.cfm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170413153522/https://www.archbalt.org/about-us/our-bishops/cardinal-obrien/articles/chism-mass.cfm |access-date=13 April 2017 | archive-date = 13 April 2017 }}</ref>

The Holy Oils are:
* [[Chrism]] – used in the sacraments of [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation in the Catholic Church|Confirmation]] and [[Holy orders in the Catholic Church|Holy Orders]], as well as for the consecration of altars and the dedication of churches.<ref>{{cite web |  url = http://www.stjames-cathedral.org/Events/2017/album-chrismmass.aspx |  title = Chrism Mass 2017 |  work = St. James Cathedral, Seattle |  date = April 6, 2017}}</ref>
* the [[oil of catechumens]] – also used in the sacrament of Baptism, and
* the oil of the sick – used in the rite of the [[Anointing of the Sick]]

The oil of the catechumens and chrism are used on the upcoming [[Holy Saturday]] at the [[Easter Vigil]], for the [[baptism]] and [[confirmation]] of those entering the church. While the Oil of the Catechumens and the Oil of the Sick, are simply "blessed," the Sacred Chrism is "consecrated,". Holy chrism is a mixture of olive oil and balsam, an aromatic resin. Balsam is poured into the oil, which gives it a sweet smell intended to remind those who encounter it of the "odor of sanctity" to which those who are marked with it, are called to strive.<ref name=Jalbert/>

With respect to Anglicanism, the 1979 ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'' (p.&nbsp;307) calls for chrism to be consecrated by the bishop. In many dioceses, the consecration of chrism by the bishop may be done at a service of reaffirmation of ordination vows during Holy Week. During the Chrism Eucharist, the Bishop will bless the oils used throughout the next year for baptisms and healing. In addition, the Bishop and clergy in attendance will reaffirm their Ordination Vows.<ref name=Tennessee/>

====Plenary indulgence====
In the Roman Catholic Church, plenary [[indulgence]] is obtained in the following cases:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/246665/how-to-obtain-a-plenary-indulgence-during-holy-week|title=How to obtain plenary indulgence during Holy Week 2024}}</ref>
# If during the solemn reservation of the Blessed Sacrament (typically on a side altar), which follows the Mass of the Lord's Supper, it is recited or sung the Eucharistic hymn ''[[Tantum ergo]]''.
# If it is adored the solemnly reserved Blessed Sacrament for a half hour.

===Eastern Christianity===
====Eastern Orthodoxy====
[[File:Omovenie nog.jpg|thumb|Orthodox [[icon]] of Christ washing the feet of the Apostles (16th century, [[Pskov]] school of [[iconography]])]]
In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the [[liturgical colour]]s are brighter, white being common. On this day alone during Holy Week, the fast is relaxed to permit consumption of wine and oil.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The primary service of this day is [[Vespers]] combined with the [[Liturgy of St. Basil|Liturgy of St. Basil the Great]] at which is read a Composite Gospel, primarily taken from [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]], but with episodes inserted from [[Gospel of John|John]] ([[Maundy (foot washing)|the Washing of the Feet]]) and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] ([[Hematidrosis#Instances|Jesus sweating blood]]), and many of the normal hymns of the Divine Liturgy are substituted with the following [[troparion]]:

<blockquote>Of Thy Mystical Supper, O Son of God, accept me today as a communicant; for I will not speak of Thy [[Sacred Mysteries|Mystery]] to Thine enemies, neither will I give Thee a kiss like [[Judas]]. But like the [[The Good Thief (Christianity)|Thief]] will I confess Thee: Remember me, O Lord, in Thy [[Paradise|Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Communion Prayers |url=https://www.orthodoxsalem.com/communion-prayers-st-john-chrysostom-5 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=St. Nicholas Orthodox Church |language=en-US}}</ref></blockquote>

When necessary to replenish the [[Church tabernacle#Reserved sacrament|sacrament for communing the sick at a time not following a divine liturgy]], an additional [[Lamb (Liturgy)|Lamb (Host)]] is consecrated on this day, [[Intinction#Eastern Christianity|intincted]], covered, and left to dry until Holy Saturday when it is divided, completely dried with a candle flame, and the pieces placed in the [[Church tabernacle#Communion for the sick – Catholic Rite|artophorion]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

In [[cathedral]]s and [[monasteries]] the ceremony of the [[Washing of Feet]] is normally performed.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} When there is need to [[consecrate]] more [[chrism]], that is performed by patriarchs and other heads of the various [[autocephalous]] churches.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

[[File:Lent_calendar.svg| thumb|Maunday Thursday and other named days and day ranges around Lent and Easter in Western Christianity, with the fasting days of Lent numbered]]
In the evening, after the Liturgy, all of the [[antependia|hangings]] and [[vestments]] are changed to black or some other dark colour, to signify the beginning of the Passion. Anticipating the Matins of Friday morning, the Holy Passion service of the reading of the '''Twelve Gospels''' is conducted. In these readings Christ's last instructions to his disciples are presented, as well as the prophecy of the drama of the Cross, Christ's prayer, and his new commandment. The twelve readings are:
*{{bibleverse||John|13:31–18:1|KJV}}
*{{bibleverse||John|18:1–29|KJV}}
*{{bibleverse||Matthew|26:57–75|KJV}}
*{{bibleverse||John|18:28–19:16|KJV}}
*{{bibleverse||Matthew|27:3–32|KJV}}
*{{bibleverse||Mark|15:16–32|KJV}}
*{{bibleverse||Matthew|27:33–54|KJV}}
*{{bibleverse||Luke|23:32–49|KJV}}
*{{bibleverse||John|19:19–37|KJV}}
*{{bibleverse||Mark|15:43–47|KJV}}
*{{bibleverse||John|19:38–42|KJV}}
*{{bibleverse||Matthew|27:62–66|KJV}}
Beginning on Holy and Great Thursday, the [[Memorial service (Orthodox)#Lity|memorial service for the dead]] is forbidden until after [[Thomas Sunday]].
{{clear}}

=====Local customs=====
* In Greek practice, the [[Sacrament|Mystery]] of [[Unction]] is performed on [[Holy Wednesday|Great Wednesday]] as preparation for the reception of Holy Communion on Great Thursday and Pascha, a custom that originated when Greece was under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] control and parish priests, being uneducated, were not permitted to hear confession, so this sacrament, by which sins are believed to be forgiven, came to be performed.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
* In Greek tradition, a procession is made during the service of the Twelve Passion Gospels. It takes place after the reading of the fifth gospel during the singing of "Today He Who Hung". During this procession, a large cross with the body of Christ is carried throughout the church while lights are extinguished, bells are slowly tolled, and the faithful prostrate themselves. The cross, with Christ's body hung upon it, is placed in front of the Royal Doors. The icon of Christ on the cross (sometimes with nails affixing it) is struck upon the hands and feet with a stone multiple times, and is then stood up in front of the church, where it is censed.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
* In some Slavic traditions, a lesser procession is made after the Twelve Passion Gospels immediately prior to the dismissal with an icon of Christ's crucifixion which is placed on the central icon stand, where it is censed by the clergy, and then venerated.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

====Oriental Orthodoxy====
[[Oriental Orthodox Churches]] celebrate Covenant Thursday during Holy Week (based on their local calendars). They offer praises and vespers every day of week, and on Thursday and Saturday they remain in church praising God and reading about the First Liturgy and Judas' Betrayal. On Saturday they sing praises for the Entrance of the Messiah in Hades freeing all of the faithful ones including Moses and Abraham.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}